Beth Haley (SPH’24) during an early attempt at foraging for mushrooms in Oregon. During this trip, she learned these mushrooms were not edible, which she happily figured out before tasting them.

Research

A Clear Path through Murky Waters: Alum Finds Meaningful Career Studying Water Contamination

Beth Haley’s PhD dissertation in environmental health linked sewage overflows with illness in Massachusetts and now her current post-doctoral research with the Environmental Protection Agency aims to tackle water quality in Pacific coastal areas.

Upon finishing her PhD in environmental health at the School of Public Health, Beth Haley (SPH’24) moved to Oregon, drawn, she says, to the vast natural landscapes more commonly found out West. As a post-doctoral researcher with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Haley aims to tackle threats to water quality specific to the Pacific Northwest.

“There are a lot of intact ecosystems here and the connection is, in some ways, even stronger between human communities and natural communities,” says Haley, whose dissertation work at SPH laid the foundation for her growing expertise at the intersection of water and public health. Haley and her advisor Wendy Heiger-Bernays, clinical professor of environmental health, recently published the results of a study Haley led linking overflows of sewage systems that combine wastewater and stormwater drainage with gastrointestinal illness in communities along the Merrimack River in Massachusetts.

Haley grew up on the North Shore of Massachusetts, earned her bachelor’s degree in conservation biology from Boston University, then lived in Colorado and New Mexico for eight years. She held several research positions that enabled her to explore her interest in ecology before she pivoted to working full-time for a TEDx program in Albuquerque, N.M. There, she found herself most inspired by the speakers whose work applied science in service of communities, she says.

“There are a lot of issues in ecology and conservation where there is an ethical gray area, where there are a lot of complicating factors and it can be difficult to discern right and wrong,” says Haley, who, in the years after college, found herself reevaluating her relationship with her field. For example, a traditional Western approach to conservation of endangered species often advocates for reducing the human footprint on an animal’s environment, such as by restricting hunting, she says. However, indigenous people have frequently coexisted with wildlife in these habits for generations, employing their own methods of land stewardship. Determined to serve both natural ecosystems and human communities in her career, Haley found that the sustainable management of water in support of human and non-human communities offered greater clarity.

“Water quality and access to water are issues where I feel there is no gray area,” she says. “It is very ethically black and white, and from an ecological standpoint, clean water used to be much more readily accessible before anthropogenic changes to land use and pollution. When an ecosystem has a lot of integrity, the water in rivers and lakes is generally quite clean.”

Bolstered by her belief that access to clean water is a human right, Haley sought a program of advanced study that would integrate her passions for ecology, human health, water quality, and climate change.  “The Boston University URBAN program stood out,” she says.

In 2018, Haley joined the first cohort of students to embark on their PhD studies through Boston University’s Graduate Program in Urban Biogeoscience and Environmental Health (URBAN). The interdisciplinary degree program aims to equip professionals with the science, management, policy, communication, and governance skills necessary for collaborating with governments, non-profits, and the private sector to address urban environmental challenges.

Haley discussed her experience participating in the BU URBAN program as an EH student, and how she is applying her education to her post-doctoral research in Oregon.

Did you go into the BU URBAN program knowing you were going to study combined sewage overflows (CSO)? How did you come up with that project?

I knew that I wanted to work with Dr. Heiger-Bernays because she studies a lot of different water-related issues, but [I] did not have a specific project in mind. I remember in my first year we were talking, and she said, ‘You know, there is something going on in the Merrimack,’ and we started talking about CSOs. [They are] interesting as a public health issue because we have known for a very long time that when people are exposed to sewage, they tend to get sick—that is a pretty straightforward relationship—but combined sewers still exist in our communities, especially because they are such large systems that are so expensive to change, and have not actually been studied that much in terms of their relationship with health. A lot of these [combined] sewers were built when sewer systems were new in this country in the first place, and the design is no longer used for new systems. When some of them were built, germ theory was not even widely accepted. There were bigger perhaps or more visible issues at the time than whether there was pollution in the river. We have so many issues with water infrastructure in this country—it seemed like contributing to that literature could be beneficial to decisionmakers.

Could you provide an example of a place where these systems have been retrofitted?

Boston is a good example. One of the ways to reduce the number of overflow events is to introduce a lot of storage into the system. The pipes just receive a ton of volume of water during heavy rain events, so if you can take a bunch of that water and just store it until it stops raining, then later on you can slowly send that to the wastewater treatment plant to be treated. One of the things Boston has done is put a very large storage facility in South Boston, below ground, that has reduced a lot of the overflow events that used to happen in those South Boston and Dorchester beaches. That has cleaned up the water quite a bit.

Another way people have managed [CSOs] is to introduce more green stormwater infrastructure into cities. Putting in things like rain gardens that collect rainfall and allow it to infiltrate into the soil, mimicking natural processes, can help reduce some of that stormwater runoff volume in the first place.

Before you took your current position with EPA, you worked as an ORISE postdoctoral fellow with the U.S. Forest Service. Could you share what your research there entailed?

During my ORISE postdoc with the Forest Service, I was part of an interdisciplinary project focused on wildfire and water security project. [After wildfires,] there is often a lot of erosion and runoff from burned landscapes that complicates drinking water treatment processes. We are in the early stages of understanding on how wildfires impact water quality and drinking water treatment and how that varies over different landscapes, different burn severities, things like that. When wildfires impact distribution systems or other built infrastructure directly, you can also get a lot of chemicals that hang around in the water system at that point. The team is very interdisciplinary with hydrologist, watershed modelers, biologists, and environmental economists who are thinking about this issue of wildfire and water security from the perspective of communities and ecosystems. I contributed specifically to projects looking at the human dimensions of wildfire and water issues that are especially relevant for communities and drinking water utilities.

This project was motivated by the 2020 fires in Oregon. Around Labor Day in 2020, there were a number of very intense and large fires in western Oregon, which is where most of the population in Oregon lives, that impacted some watersheds that provide drinking water for some of the cities in that area. It drew a lot of attention to this issue, especially in Oregon and in the Pacific Northwest. Much of the research that has been done on drinking water impacts from wildfire had been done in more of the Intermountain West, like Colorado, as well as California, so there was a gap in the Pacific Northwest, and it is looking like those Pacific Northwest watersheds vary in how they behave compared to the Intermountain West systems.

And what is the focus of your new role with EPA?

Every five years or so, the EPA will offer these federal post docs where you are actually a federal employee for your term. They can be a little bit longer than ORISE positions, and you can invest more as an employee. I began on June 2 and will be in this position for three years. I am in the Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch (PCEB) and so my focus is to connect some of the coastal, marine, and estuarine ecology research that has been done here with human with human health and wellbeing outcomes. We are thinking about things like contaminants in water and shellfish, harmful agal blooms—we are talking about a lot of ideas right now. The work we do will fit within the overall priorities of the [EPA] Office of Research and Development and bring in more of that connection between ecosystem health and human health.

I am also going to carry over some of the projects I was working on with the Forest Service and continue contributing to those. My time with the Forest Service was really wonderful. I would not have necessarily made this jump to EPA had this opportunity not been so in line with my research interests. The federal agency postdoc world is a very specific set of opportunities, so it has also been interesting to learn about that and experience the differences between different kinds of positions.

[Wendy Heiger-Bernays and I] are still working on some projects too. We have one dissertation paper that still needs to be published, hopefully. Then, we have two side projects that I did not get to as part of my dissertation, but other BUSPH students have contributed to those efforts and we are working towards finishing those as well. One of them is a modeling project, led by Talia Feldscher (SPH’23), a research data analyst with the Center for Climate and Health, working on developing a model that will predict E. coli concentrations in the Merrimack [River]. The other uses a risk assessment approach to understand the risk of gastrointestinal illness for people who are recreating in the Merrimack, and recent MPH graduate Emily Gant (SPH’24) has been working with us on that project. The nature of a post doc is you have some unfinished projects from previous experiences.