Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Wider than Reported.
Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality Wider than Reported
Structural racism appears to be a direct predictor of the extent of racial disparities in COVID deaths across US states.
More than a year into the pandemic, the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among racial and ethnic minorities in the US has been well documented. But a new study led by a School of Public Health researcher reveals that previous research has underestimated the true extent of racial disparities in COVID-19 deaths—as well as the extent to which structural racism contributes to these deaths.
Published in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, the paper is the first to quantify the state-level differences in racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality among Black and White populations, using directly standardized, age-adjusted death rates. When comparing these age-adjusted rates, the study found that the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates across states was substantially greater than what has previously been reported.
Until now, few studies on COVID-19 mortality have taken the age distribution of different populations into account, or explicitly compared race-specific mortality rates at the state level. But age is perhaps the single most important predictor of COVID-19 mortality, says study lead author Michael Siegel, professor of community health sciences. Different racial and ethnic groups have different age distributions, and comparing crude COVID death rates instead of age-adjusted rates can be misleading, he says.
“Because of structural racism, chronic diseases are much more common among the Black population compared to the White population, and for this reason, life expectancy for Black people is substantially less than that for White people,” says Siegel. The shorter life expectancy means that the Black population of a state is going to be considerably younger than the White population for that state, he says.
“If you ignore this fact, then it is going to appear that the COVID death rate is much higher among the White population because there are so many more older people,” says Siegel. “To get an accurate idea of the true disparity in death rates, you need to compare the COVID death risk of Black people and White people in a state at the same age.”
The study is also the first paper to measure structural racism at the state level, and model this racism as a direct, quantifiable predictor of racial disparities in COVID-19 deaths across states. Studying these disparities across states is critical to understanding their true extent and impact because much of the policy that influences racial disparities in health occur at the state level, Siegel says.
“With COVID-19, state policy has a particularly strong influence on racial disparities because so many policies at the state level affect COVID risk, such as those regarding which workplaces are open or closed, whether schools are open or closed, and who is prioritized for vaccination,” he says.
For the study, Siegel and a team of researchers used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to calculate both crude and age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rates for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations in 35 states. Then they compared these age-adjusted rates in order to quantify the racial disparity in mortality rates. Using linear regression analyses, they examined the potential relationship between a previously defined structural racism index and the racial disparity in COVID-19 mortality. The team also utilized linear regression analysis to explore potential mediating effects of exposure based on occupation, prevalence of underlying conditions, and disparities in healthcare access.
The researchers found that for all 35 states, the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates was substantially greater when examining age-adjusted rates compared to crude rates.
Thus, relying on crude death rates severely underestimates the true magnitude of the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates.
The findings also showed that a high level of structural racism was a strong predictor of increased racial disparities in COVID deaths. All 35 states showed a pattern of increasing racial disparities as the state structural racism index increased. The five states with the highest structural racism indices had an average disparity ratio of 2.7, compared to 2.1 for the five states with the lowest racism indices.
“Structural racism should be considered a root cause of the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality,” says Siegel. “Even if we could somehow equalize comorbidities between the White and Black populations, our results suggest that the racial disparity in COVID-19 death rates would still persist.
“These findings suggest that the only way to fully address the consequences of structural racism is to dismantle structural racism itself.”
The study was coauthored by Isabella Critchfield-Jain, a Boston University student; Matthew Boykin, an SPH student; and Alicia Owens, a Natick High School student.