Julie M. Klinger’s book, Rare Earth Frontiers: From Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes, has recently been made available online through open access and as an audiobook on Audible.com. In the book, Klinger writes about the devastating damage to lives and the environment caused by the exploitation of rare earths. Rare Earth Frontiers received the 2017 Meridian Award from the American Association […]
Until recently, development finance institutions (DFIs) and development finance have largely been relegated to the background of global policy making and relatively small subfields of economics, political science and sociology in the scholarly literature. That changed in 2014-2015 when nations of the world flocked to join the China-led, new multilateral development bank, the Asian Infrastructure […]
In July 2014, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — the BRICS— agreed to establish a new multilateral development bank (MDB), the New Development Bank (NDB). In October of the same year, China and 20 other Asian nations signed an agreement to create the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The declared aim of both […]
Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are one of the most popular forms of international organization, with at least 27 operating in the world today. Although most academics and policy makers focus on the World Bank and major regional MDBs, the majority of MDBs are in fact relatively small, and controlled by developing as opposed to industrialized […]
Recent initiatives of China and other emerging powers to create new multilateral development lending institutions (MDLIs) are often portrayed as efforts to build upon or reform an idea pioneered by Western officials during the Bretton Woods negotiations. This viewpoint is understandable since the United States and Britain took the lead role at the 1944 Bretton […]
Since 2008, the People’s Bank of China has signed bilateral swap agreements (BSAs) with 35 foreign central banks. Collectively, these deals amount to nearly $500 billion in Chinese renminbi (RMB) available to Beijing’s foreign partners. The pace with which China has pursued new BSAs since 2008 is unprecedented and raises questions about the motivation behind […]