Sustainable, competitive and inclusive development trajectories for nations are crucial. However, there are uncertainties embedded in the emergence of green-related industries – in politics, technology, production and others. Amid this uncertainty, it is the mission of public institutions to foster and even shape markets. This is the case for development finance institutions (DFIs) supporting sustainable […]
By Xinyue Ma & Jake Werner The current debt sustainability framework and indicators employed by international financial institutions may be concealing as much as they reveal. The core of today’s World Bank–International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt sustainability framework is a set of debt ratio thresholds associated with the quality of a country’s policies and institutions, […]
By Yinan Zhang China has implemented a large fiscal stimulus in 2020 to counter the negative economic impact of COVID-19. Up to September 2020, the fiscal support amounted to $707 billion (roughly 4.8 trillion renminbi) through spending and revenue measures (above-the-line (ATL) measures) and another $198 billion in liquidity support. The health-sector related spending accounts […]