Juris Doctor

• LAW JD 602: Lawyering Skills 1
  Provides training in legal research, legal writing, oral advocacy, client interviewing, and client counseling through simulations of real-world legal disputes.
• LAW JD 603: Lawyering Skills 2
  Provides training in legal research, legal writing, oral advocacy, client interviewing, and client counseling through simulations of real-world legal disputes.
• LAW JD 605: Business Fundamentals
  In order to graduate, students must fulfill the Business Fundamentals Requirement. This is accomplished by taking Introduction to Business Fundamentals, an online, self-paced, asynchronous program. The curriculum consists of modules covering business basics, corporate finance and financial accounting, including the following subjects: capital markets; the basics of financial reporting; balance sheets; income statements and cash flow; business forms and organizations; financing organizations; discounting; and calculating risk, return and valuation. Assessment is based on multiple choice exams. Students may opt-out of the course if they score an 84 or better on the pre-course exam. A score of 70 or better on the post-course exam, following successful completion of the course, is necessary to meet the requirement. GRADING NOTICE: This course awards no credits and is graded P/F. Students may enroll in the program for the fall, spring or summer semesters, but should complete the course by the conclusion of the fall semester of the 3L year.
• LAW JD 608: Bar Exam Skills
  Students in this course will learn and practice a specific set of skills and test-taking strategies with the goal of enhancing a student's ability to prepare for the July bar exam. It will introduce students to the content of the Uniform Bar Exam (UBE) and its three forms of questions, multiple choice, essay and performance test. The subject matter will be drawn from some of the most highly tested topics on the UBE, including criminal law, constitutional law and torts. The materials for this course are provided by Themis Bar Review. This course is for students who want an early start on their bar exam preparation or are particularly concerned about not passing the bar exam. This course is not a replacement for a commercial bar review program. The course consists of weekly in-person classes, assignments outside of class and a final exam. Course enrollment is limited to two sections, 25 students per section. Prerequisites: This class is restricted to graduating third-year JD students. GRADING NOTICE: This course will not offer the CR/NC/H option.
• LAW JD 673: Law & Algorithms
  This cross-cutting and interdisciplinary course, taught alongside a graduate-level course with BU's new faculty of Computing and Data Sciences, investigates the role that algorithms and automated decision-making systems play in law and society. The course connects legal and technical concepts of transparency, fairness, bias, privacy, and trust, though a series of case studies that present recent applications of technology to legal and regulatory situations and explore the challenges in regulating algorithms. Legal concepts explored will include evidence and expert witnesses, anti-discrimination law concepts of disparate impact and disparate treatment, sectoral information privacy regimes, and public access and transparency laws. Technical concepts explored will include artificial intelligence and machine learning, secure multi-party computation, differential privacy, and zero-knowledge proofs. Grades will be based on a series of assignments that correspond with each case study, to be completed collaboratively in mixed teams of law and computing/data science students. No prior technology experience is required. GRADING NOTICE: This class will not offer the CR/NC/H option.
• LAW JD 674: Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences
  This course will explore legal doctrines in intellectual property--particularly patent law--that shape innovation, research, and development in the life sciences. Students will be introduced to laws that influence decision makers in the life sciences and participate in a series of exercises to apply legal doctrines and understand the incentives and outcomes produced by the existing legal framework. Course topics include selecting drug candidates, IP licensing, material transfer agreements, how firms use IP to protect pharmaceuticals, the optimal timing of patent protection, building patent portfolios, regulatory exclusivity, Hatch-Waxman litigation (litigation between brand-name and generic drug companies), and generic drug development. The course will be a combination of lecture and in-class problem-solving exercises. There are no prerequisites for this class. UPPER-CLASS WRITING REQUIREMENT: All students may attempt to satisfy writing requirement. **A student who fails to attend the initial meeting of a seminar or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, may be administratively dropped from the seminar. Students who are on a wait list for a seminar are required to attend the first seminar meeting to be considered for enrollment.
• LAW JD 675: Islamic Law
  This seminar introduces students to the sources, jurisprudential methodology, doctrines, actors and institutions, and operation of Islamic law from classical to modern times. Readings include primary sources--foundational texts, fatwas (legal opinions), case reports, and constitutional and statutory provisions--along with secondary sources that discuss the history and evolution of Islamic law, theories of Islamic legal interpretation, competing views of the meaning and application of Islamic law, and variations in the role Islamic law plays in the legal systems of today's Muslim-majority countries. Specific topics to be covered include: the roots of the law and the derivation of legal rules from those roots; the respective roles of scholars, judges, executive officials and other actors in determining and enforcing rules of Islamic law; judicial procedure and rules of evidence; reform and the reception of Western law in the 19th and 20th centuries; democracy, constitutionalism, and contemporary theories and forms of "Islamic" states; and Islamic law in the U.S. and other "non-Muslim" lands. Cases in criminal law, family law, Islamic finance, and other fields will provide opportunities for in-depth discussions of substantive Islamic law, and regular reference to both the common-law tradition and the modern American legal system will offer comparative perspectives. Grades will be based on class participation, short weekly writing assignments, and a take-home final examination paper. PREREQUISITE: None. No background in Islamic studies is required. UPPER-CLASS WRITING REQUIREMENT: This class does not satisfy the requirement. GRADING NOTICE: This class will not offer the CR/NC/H option.
• LAW JD 683: Compliance in Financial Service Co.
  This course will take students through the compliance mechanisms within financial organizations putting regulatory requirements into practice. The purpose of the class is to offer a fundamental preparation to the lawyer in a financial institution's legal department or a separate compliance department. This course covers the following: * The history of compliance * The interaction between business processes, legal requirements, and compliance. * The profession of financial compliance * The interaction of conflicts, risks and ethics * Defining best practice, business process, risk assessment and controls and their interactions within financial institutions *Compliance for investment advisers, private funds, mutual funds, broker-dealers, and other regulatory regimes * Interacting with regulators, enforcement agencies and investigations * Business ethics and culture in financial institutions. The course will use an exam as the final assessment. GRADING NOTICE: This course will not offer the CR/NC/H option.
• LAW JD 685: Compassionate Release Practicum
  THIS CLASS IS RESTRICTED to students who have formally applied and been accepted to the Compassionate Release Practicum. In April of 2018, Massachusetts joined 44 states and the federal government in providing a statutory mechanism by which terminally ill and/or permanently incapacitated inmates could be released on so-called medical parole. The new statute was a result of ongoing compromises as part of the omnibus criminal justice reform bill, and pending constitutional litigation which became moot. To date only one person has been released. The intent of the practicum is to engage students both in direct representation of inmates not otherwise entitled to counsel, and in brainstorming and developing solutions in this new and rapidly developing area of law. Students will learn about legislative history and lobbying, about statutory construction, FOIA, and about the constitutional underpinnings of compassionate release. Students will learn and demonstrate drafting, client counseling and negotiation skills. This practicum can be taken for one (50 hours) or two (100 hours) graded credits. Students will write a total of twenty pages, which likely will include a petition for release, and a superior court complaint and motion for judgment on the pleadings. Students will in addition write two journal reflections. There will be a weekly one hour seminar at a time arranged with the students. The final grade is based on class participation, revised writing and journal reflections. NOTE: The Compassionate Release Practicum counts towards the 6 credit Experiential Learning requirement. GRADING NOTICE: This course does not offer the CR/NC/H option.
• LAW JD 686: International Intellectual Property
  Regulation of intellectual property is a cornerstone in the globalization of trade and commerce. In order to harmonize intellectual property laws, more and more countries sign up to multilateral agreements regulating these laws. However, jurisdictional differences still exist and affect this process. This seminar examines international agreements and comparative laws on intellectual property. Topics will include securing and enforcing rights in trademarks, copyrights and patents in various jurisdictions, and selected topics such as database protection, geographical indications, the interplay between intellectual property, international trade and culture, and Internet-related issues. The seminar is open to students who have completed or are enrolled in an IP survey course, or to LLMs with some Intellectual Property experience. Seminar requirements include a class presentation and a 15-20 page final research paper. PRE-REQUISITE/CO-REQUISITE: Intellectual Property, International Law, or permission of instructor. ** A student who fails to attend the initial meeting of a seminar, or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, will be administratively dropped from the seminar. Students who waitlist for a seminar are required to attend the first seminar meeting to be considered for enrollment.
• LAW JD 697: International Law, Justice, and the Politics of Armed Conflict
  This course examines the application of international law to situations of armed conflict. The first part of the course provides a theoretical and historical background regarding international law governing the use of force, looking first at debates over the role and effectiveness of international law in international relations, turning to questions about how international law seeks to regulate the use of force in the international system and the extent to which actors comply with their obligations under international law. The second part of the course focuses on international humanitarian law, examining different forms of humanitarian law violations, considering how international humanitarian law affects the behavior of governments and non-state actors during conflict, and discussing why governments and non-state actors often fail to abide by international humanitarian law. In this section, we will also pay particular attention to specific cases of armed conflict – both interstate conflicts such as the war between Russia and Ukraine and civil conflicts such as Libya, Rwanda, and Syria. The last section of the course considers questions about the enforcement of international humanitarian law and attempts to secure justice for violations of international law, including discussions of ad-hoc international criminal tribunals, the International Criminal Court, and efforts to hold individuals accountable for atrocity crimes in domestic courts.
• LAW JD 700: Legal Analysis in Practice
  This course is designed to build the legal analysis, writing, and client counseling and advising skills at the intersection of law school, the bar exam, and practice. Using a case-file based approach, students will work as law firm teams on a series of projects that simulate tasks of newly licensed lawyers in civil practice. Tasks are set in the context of foundational legal subjects (civil procedure, contracts, constitutional law, property, torts, and professional responsibility) to reinforce the fundamental doctrine tested on the bar exam in a practical context. The course focus on "case files" will familiarize students with the type of performance tasks tested on both the current and Next Gen bar exam while also providing training on professional skills critical for the successful and meaningful practice of law. Students will also have an opportunity to discuss and explore the expectations of legal practice, with guest speakers from professional development and law firm roles. With limited enrollment, students will receive extensive individualized feedback, as well as practice on self-assessment and opportunity for peer collaboration. UPPER-CLASS WRITING REQUIREMENT: This course is a designated Professional Writing Course which may be used to partially satisfy the Upper-Class Writing Requirement (with a grade of B or higher).
• LAW JD 702: Introduction to Legal AI: Prompt Lab
  This course prepares students for the ever-changing legal workplace by focusing on a key foundational skill for effective AI utilization: the prompt. Learning how to prompt can help create a highly capable "second lawyer" sitting in the office, provided that students can master the dialogue required (the prompt) to keep their digital associate focused on the task at hand and steer clear of hallucinations. Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that the AI’s output serves to sharpen a student’s own analytical judgment and make them more efficient as they provide advice to their clients in their first jobs after graduation. Throughout the course, students will learn the technical underpinnings of how generative AI can—and cannot—assist lawyers. They will master the construction of multi-layered, iterative prompts that leverage an LLM’s strengths while accounting for its limitations in legal analysis. There will be an in-person final exam in addition to the prompt assignments.
• LAW JD 703: Upper-class Legal Research
  This one-credit skills course builds on the research skills developed in the first year Lawyering course, with a focus on post-graduation legal practice and preparation for the Next Gen Bar exam. We will help students build on the research strategies they learned in Lawyering, but also teach them how to start with a set of facts and identify research questions to be addressed, the authoritative weight of relevant sources, and the search terms and strategies that are most efficient and economical in each situation. Central to both practice and NextGen Bar testing is the ability to effectively communicate research findings. This course will not only cover the research process and sources, but also teach students how to clearly communicate their research process and explain the results of their research. We will also include instruction on law practice technology, and on using Generative AI in legal practice. The class will be taught as a skills class, with significant class preparation, in-class hypotheticals, and simulation-type assignments. With an eye towards how research will be assessed on the NextGen Bar, we will also include many issue-spotting and research-process exercises. NOTE: This class counts toward the 6 credit Experiential Learning requirement. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT: A student who fails to attend the first class or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, will be administratively dropped from the class. Students who are on the wait list are required to attend the first meeting to be considered for enrollment.
• LAW JD 706: Competitions: Brief Writing
  This class is designed to prepare and support the 3L members of BU Law's extramural moot court teams who also serve as Stone and Albers competition preceptors. This seminar will focus on improving students' appellate brief writing skills through a series of course meetings that involve skills training and in-class exercises. The seminar will meet weekly as a group for the first half of the semester and will focus on competition brief writing skills, including research, organization, persuasive writing, and editing. The course will make use of former competition problems to prepare students to write their competition briefs in their specific competitions. For the second half of the semester, students participating in the National Moot Court competition (who serve as Albers preceptors in spring) will meet on an arranged schedule to conduct at least six one-hour formal oral argument practices. The National Moot Court competition students will also be required to write a reflection paper due no later than two weeks after the close of their competition. Students participating in spring competitions will serve as Stone competition preceptors, scoring briefs or oral arguments. These Stone preceptors will meet to work on editing and feedback skills. There will be no final exam. Note that students who are participating on extramural moot court teams that are assigned to serve as either Stone or Albers preceptors must still serve as preceptors even if they do not enroll in this course. ENROLLMENT LIMIT: 25 students. GRADING NOTICE: CR/NC graded. NOTE: This class may not be used to satisfy the Upper-class Writing Requirement. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT: A student who fails to attend the first class or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar will be administratively dropped from the course.
• LAW JD 707: International Law Research
  An important component of understanding international law is mastering all the diverse sources of this area of law. Students will learn to navigate the international system as well as the relevant primary sources of law. Students will learn research strategies and skills for locating treaties, decisions of international tribunals, documents of international organizations and other sources of state practice. Among the organizations the course will discuss the United Nations, the OAS, the EU and the WTO. In addition, students will be introduced to strategies for researching the law of foreign jurisdictions. Students will gain hands-on experience in answering legal research questions in the area of international and comparative law. Classes will combine instruction and hands-on exercises using major print, electronic, and web based resources for international law research. NOTE: This class counts toward the 6 credit Experiential Learning requirement. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT: A student who fails to attend the first class or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, will be administratively dropped from the class. Students who are on the wait list are required to attend the first meeting to be considered for enrollment.
• LAW JD 709: Independent Externship: Fieldwork
  This CLASS IS RESTRICTED to students who have received permission from the Clinical and Experiential Programs Office to enroll. Students receive credit for an externship done in conjunction with an independent study project. Qualifying placements include the legal departments of non-profits, government agencies, private companies, or law firms. Placements may be paid or unpaid. Students may find their own placements that must be approved by the Clinical and Experiential Programs Office, or the Office has resources to help students identify and apply to suitable field placements based on their interests and career goals. Students receive 2-9 variable P/F credits for their fieldwork, as determined in consultation with their placement supervisors. Each credit requires 42.5 hours of work over the course of the 13-week semester (averaging 4 hours per week). NOTE: Students who enroll in this externship may count the credits toward the 6 credit Experiential Learning requirement. COREQUISITE: INDEPENDENT PROPOSAL EXTERNSHIP: IND STUDY (LAW JD 710)
• LAW JD 710: Independent Externship: Independent Study
  This CLASS IS RESTRICTED to students who have received permission from the Clinical and Experiential Programs Office to enroll. In lieu of a seminar, students write a 15–20 page paper and submit seven bi-weekly journals (4–6 pages each) under the guidance of a faculty supervisor. The 2 credits count towards the 3-credit cap on independent study credits as well as the 17-credit cap on non-GPA credits. Students may satisfy the upper-class writing requirement through the paper under agreement of the sponsoring faculty member. COREQUISITE: INDEPENDENT PROPOSAL EXTERNSHIP: FIELDWORK (LAW JD 709).
• LAW JD 711: Judicial Writing
  This class will focus on writing styles and formats unique to the judicial process, such as the bench memo and appellate majority and dissenting opinion. Classes will provide a general overview of the opinion writing function with emphasis on topics such as opinion structure, judicial writing style, the relationship between style and substance, the use of narrative and rhetorical techniques, and ethical considerations in opinion writing. Through a series of writing assignments and in-class exercises, students will learn to how to diagnose and revise difficult and unclear writing, acquire techniques for writing more economically, precisely and unambiguously, and hone their skills in structuring and organizing, analyzing, and writing persuasively. In analyzing judicial opinions and writing from the perspective of a judge rather than an advocate, students will gain a deeper understanding of the judicial process and will become better critical readers and users of judicial opinions. UPPER-CLASS WRITING REQUIREMENT: This Professional Writing Class may be used to partially satisfy the requirement. ** A student who fails to attend the initial meeting of a seminar (designated by an (S) in the title), or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, may be administratively dropped from the seminar. Students who are on a wait list for a seminar are required to attend the first seminar meeting to be considered for enrollment.
• LAW JD 712: LEGAL WRITING FOR CIVIL LITIGATION
  This class is designed to give students experience in legal writing for civil litigation. Over the course of the semester, students will work on the various stages of a federal court litigation from pre-complaint investigation through dispositive motions. There will be opportunities to draft a variety of litigation documents, including complaints, discovery, motions, and research memos. Students will complete multiple drafts of key documents and will meet individually with the instructor to discuss the drafts. Students will focus on using the facts to tell their clients' story and making persuasive, winning arguments. In class, students will discuss a range of strategic questions including developing viable causes of action, identifying critical facts, and using written discovery to obtain information. Additionally, students will participate in several in-class exercises designed to improve the students' skills in writing, fact-gathering and argument. UPPER-CLASS WRITING REQUIREMENT: This Dedicated Writing Class may be used to satisfy the requirement. RESTRICTION: Students may not enroll in both Legal Writing for Civil Litigation and Persuasive Writing: Trial Level (JD 713). ** A student who fails to attend the initial meeting of a seminar (designated by an (S) in the title), or to obtain permission to be absent from either the instructor or the Registrar, may be administratively dropped from the seminar. Students who are on a wait list for a seminar are required to attend the first seminar meeting to be considered for enrollment.