Table 2b
Table 2b IkBa phosphorylation and/or degradation inhibitors
| Molecule | Point of Inhibition | References |
| Desloratadine; diphenhydramine | Histamine H1 receptor | Wu et al, 2004; Scadding, 2005; Roumestan et al, 2008 |
| Bikunin | LPS receptor agonists | Kobayashi, 2006; Kanayama et al, 2007 |
| Ron Tyrosine kinase receptor | Suppresses TNF production | Lentsch et al, 2007 |
| TAK-242 | TLR4 intracellular domain | Kawamoto et al, 2008 |
| Salmeterol, fluticasone propionate | beta2 agonists | Baouz et al, 2005 |
| CPU0213 | Endothelin receptor antagonist | He et al, 2006 |
| Doxazosin | alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist | Hui et al, 2007 |
| Erbin overexpression | NOD2 inhibitor | McDonald et al, 2005 |
| Protein-bound polysaccharide from basidiomycetes | LPS-CD14 interaction | Asai et al, 2005 |
| Anti-CD146 antibody AA98 | upstream of IKK | Bu et al, 2006 |
| Calagualine (fern derivative) | upstream of IKK (TRAF2-NIK) | Manna et al, 2003 |
| NS3/4A (HCV protease) | upstream of IKK | Karayiannis, 2005 |
| golli BG21 (product of myelin basic protein) | upstream of IKK (PKC) | Feng et al, 2004 |
| NPM-ALK oncoprotein | Traf2 inhibition | Horie et al, 2004 |
| NS5A (Hepatitis C virus) | Traf2 inhibition | Park et al, 2002 |
| LY29 and LY30 | PI3 Kinase inhibitors | Choi et al, 2004 |
| Shiga toxin (Enterohemorrhagic E coli) | PI3 Kinase inhibitor | Gobert et al, 2007 |
| Evodiamine (Evodiae Fructus component) | AKT-IKK interaction | Takada et al, 2005 |
| Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) | up-regulates Raf-1 kinase inhibitor | Jazirehi et al, 2005 |
| Kinase suppressor of ras (KSR2) | MEKK3 inhibitor | Channavajhala et al, 2005 |
| Cholecystokinin ocatpeptide (CCK-8) | p38 kinase | Li et al, 2007 |
| M2L (Vaccinia virus) | ERK2 inhibitor | Gedey et al, 2006; Hinthong et al, 2008 |
| Pefabloc (serine protease inhibitor) | upstream of IKK | Tando et al, 2002 |
| Rocaglamides (Aglaia derivatives) | upstream of IKK | Baumann et al, 2002 |
| Ymer | Binds to Ub-RIP | Bohgaki et al, 2007 |
| Epoxyquinol B | TAK1 crosslinker | Kamiyama et al, 2008 |
| Betaine | NIK/IKK | Go et al, 2004, 2007 |
| TNAP | NIK | Hu et al, 2005 |
| Selected peptides | NEMO binding to Ub | Wyler et al, 2007 |
| Biochanin | upstream of IKK/ phosphorylates of IκBα | Manna et al, 2012 |
| Desflurane | IKK complex formation with TNF-R1 | Li et al, 2008 |
| Geldanamycin | IKK complex formation | Chen et al, 2002 |
| Grape seed proanthocyanidins | IKKa activity | Mantena & Katiyar, 2006; Sharma et al, 2007; Cheng et al, 2007; Xu et al, 2008 |
| Laretia acaulis azorellane diterpenoids | IKKa activity | Borquez et al, 2007 |
| MC160 (Molluscum contagiosum virus) | IKKa activity | Nichols & Shisler , 2006 |
| NS5B (Hepatitis C protein) | IKKa activity | Choi et al, 2006 |
| Pomegranate fruit extract | IKKa activity | Afaq et al, 2004; Khan et al, 2006 |
| Tetrandine (plant alkaloid) | IKKa activity | Ho et al, 2004; Xue et al, 2008; Lin et al, 2008 |
| BMS-345541 (4(2′-Aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)
quinoxaline) and 4-amino derivatives |
IKKa and IKKb kinase activity | Burke et al, 2002; Yang et al, 2006; Beaulieu et al, 2006 |
| 1-O-acetylbritannilactone | IKKb activity | Liu et al, 2007 |
| 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)pyridine derivatives | IKKb activity | Murata et al, 2003, 2004, 2004 |
| Acrolein | IKKb activity/p50 DNA binding | Vallacchi et al, 2005; Lambert et al, 2007 |
| Anandamide | IKKb activity | Sancho et al, 2003 |
| AS602868 | IKKb activity | Frelin et al, 2003: Griessinger et al, 2007 |
| benzoxathiole(6,6-dimethyl-2-(phenylimino)-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo-[1,3]oxathiol-4-one (and its analogs) | IKKb activity | Venkateswararao et al, 2012 |
| Cobrotoxin | IKKb activity/p50 DNA binding | Park et al, 2005 |
| Core protein (Hepatitis C) | IKKb activity | Joo et al, 2005; Shrivastava et al, 1998 |
| 1-[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]
imidazole |
IKKb activity | Yore et al, 2006 |
| Dihydroxyphenylethanol | IKKb activity | Guichard et al, 2006 |
| Herbimycin A | IKKb activity | Iwasaki et al, 1992; Mahon & O’Neill, 1995; Ogino et al, 2004 |
| Inhibitor 22 | IKKb activity | Baxter et al, 2004 |
| Isorhapontigenin | IKKb activity | Li et al, 2005 |
| Manumycin A | IKKb activity | Bernier et al, 2005; Frassanito et al, 2005 |
| 6-methyl-2-propolyimino-6,7-dihydro-5H-
benzo[1,3]oxathiol-4-one |
IKKb | Kim et al, 2008 |
| MLB120 (small molecule) | IKKb activity | Nagashima et al, 2006 |
| Naphthopyrones (6-methoxycomaparvin and 6-methooxycomaparvin 5-methyl ether) | IKKb activity | Fulmer et al, 2008 |
| Novel Inhibitor | IKKb activity | Kamon et al, 2004 |
| vIRF3 (KSHV) | IKKb activity | Seo et al, 2004 |
| Nitric oxide | IKKb activity/IkB phosphorylation | Katsuyama et al, 1998; Matthews et al, 1996; Spieker & Liao, 1999; Reynaert et al, 2004 |
| SC-514 (small molecule) | IKKb activity | Kishore et al, 2003 |
| Thienopyridine | IKKb activity | Morwick et al, 2006 |
| Acetyl-boswellic acids | IKK activity | Syrovets et al, 2004, 2005 |
| Amino-pyrimidine derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Benzoimidazole derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| BMS-345541 | IKK activity | Burke et al, 2003 |
| Butein | IKKb activity | Pandey et al, 2007 |
| Beta-carboline | IKK activity | Yoon et al, 2005 |
| CYL-19s and CYL-26z, two synthetic alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone derivatives | IKK activity | Huang et al, 2004 |
| ACHP (2-amino-6-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-6-
hydroxyphenyl]-4-piperidin-4-yl nicotinonitrile |
IKKb activity (ATP analog) | Sanda et al, 2006 |
| Berberine | IKKb activity | Hu et al, 2007; Yi et al, 2008; Pandey et al, 2008 |
| Compound A | IKKb activity (ATP analog) | Ziegelbauer et al, 2005 |
| Flavopiridol | IKK activity and RelA phosphor. | Takada & Aggarwal, 2003 |
| Cyclopentones | IKKb activity | Bickley et al, 2004 |
| Dehydroascorbic acid (Vitamin C) | IKKb activity | Carcamo et al, 2004 |
| Gossypyin or Gossypium extracts | IKKb activity | Kunnumakkara et al, 2007; Ji et al, 2008 |
| M protein (SARS-Cornonavirus protein) | IKKb activity | Fang et al, 2007 |
| IMD-0354 | IKKb activity | Tanaka et al, 2004, 2006; Inayama et al, 2006 |
| Jesterone dimer | IKKb activity; DNA binding | Liang et al, 2003, 2006 |
| KINK-1 | IKKb activity | Schon et al, 2008 |
| LCY-2-CHO | IKKb activity | Ho et al, 2007 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase-1 | IKKb activity | Cummins et al, 2006 |
| Naphthopyrones (Echinoderm Comanthus parvicirrus) | IKKb activity | Folmer et al, 2007 |
| Neuropeptides CGRP, PACAP and VIP | IKKb activity | Ding et al, 2007 |
| PS-1145 (MLN1145) | IKKb activity | Hideshima et al, 2002 |
| 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-
thiophenecarboxamides (TPCA-1) |
IKKb activity | Bonafoux et al, 2005; Podolin et al, 2005 |
| 1′-Acetoxychavicol acetate (Languas galanga) | IKK activity | Ichikawa et al, 2005; Ito et al, 2005 |
| 17-Acetoxyjolkinolide B | IKK activity | Yan et al, 2008 |
| Acute alcohol exposure | IKK activity | Mandrekar et al, 2007 |
| Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl-salicylic acid) | IKK activity | Sung et al, 2008 |
| Apigenin (plant flavinoid) | IKK activity | Shukla & Gupta, 2004; Yoon et al, 2006 |
| Asiatic acid | IKK activity | Yun et al, 2008 |
| Cardamomin | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2005 |
| CDDO-Me (synthetic triterpenoid) | IKK activity | Shishodia et al, 2006 |
| CHS 828 (anticancer drug) | IKK activity | Olsen et al, 2004 |
| CML-1 | IKK activity | Mo et al, 2006 |
| Compound 5 (Uredio-thiophenecarboxamide derivative) | IKK activity | Roshak et al, 2002 |
| CT20126 | IKK activity/NIK | Lee et al, 2008 |
| Diaylpyridine derivative | IKK activity | Murata et al, 2003 |
| 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (from Chaga) | IKK activity | Sung et al, 2008 |
| Diosgenin | IKK activity | Shishodia & Aggarwal, 2005; Liagre et al, 2005 |
| E3-14.7K (Adenovirus) | IKK activity | Li et al, 1999 |
| E3-10.4K/14.5K (Adenovirus) | IKK activity | Friedman & Horwitz, 2002 |
| E7 (human papillomavirus) | IKK activity | Spitkovsky et al, 2002 |
| Furonaphthoquinone | IKK activity | Shin et al, 2006 |
| 3-Formylchromone | IKKb activity/p65 DNA binding | Yadav et al, 2011 |
| Guggulsterone | IKK activity | Ichikawa & Aggarwal, 2006; Deng, 2007; Lv et al, 2008; Lee et al, 2008 |
| HB-EGF (Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor) | IKK activity | Mehta & Besner, 2003 |
| Falcarindol | IKK activity | Shiao et al, 2005 |
| Hammerhead ribozyme to IKKa/b | IKK activity | Yang et al, 2007 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor | IKK activity | Min et al, 2005; Gong et al, 2006 |
| Honokiol | IKK activity | Tse et al, 2005; Munroe et al, 2007 |
| Humulone | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2007 |
| Hypoestoxide | IKK activity | Ojo-Amaize et al, 2001 |
| Indolecarboxamide derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Labdane diterpenoids | IKK activity | Giron et al, 2008 |
| LF15-0195 (analog of 15-deoxyspergualine) | IKK activity | Yang et al, 2003 |
| gamma-mangostin (from Garcinia mangostana) | IKK activity | Nakatani et al, 2004 |
| Garcinone B | IKK activity | Yamakuni et al, 2005 |
| (Amino)imidazolylcarboxaldehyde derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Imidazolylquinoline-carboxaldehyde derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Kahweol | IKK activity | Kim et al, 2004 |
| Kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives | IKK activity | Folmer et al, 2006 |
| Lead | IKK activity | Xu et al, 2006 |
| Marasmius oreades liquid extract | IKK activity | Petrova et al, 2008 |
| Menatetrenone (vitamin K2 analogue) | IKK activity | Ozaki et al, 2007 |
| Metformin | IKK activity | Huang et al, 2008 |
| Mild hypothermia | IKK activity | Han et al, 2003 |
| ML120B | IKK activity | Catley et al, 2006 |
| Morin (3,5,7,2′,4′-Pentahydroxyflavone) | IKK activity | Manna et al, 2007 |
| Morusin | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2008 |
| MX781 (retinoid antagonist) | IKK activity | Bayon et al, 2003 |
| N-acetylcysteine | IKK activity | Oka et al, 2000 |
| Nitrosylcobalamin (vitamin B12 analog) | IKK activity | Chawla-Sarkar et al, 2003 |
| NSAIDs | IKK activity | Takada et al, 2004 |
| Hepatits C virus NS5B | IKK activity | Choi et al, 2006 |
| PAN1 (aka NALP2 or PYPAF2) | IKK activity | Bruey et al, 2004 |
| Pectin (citrus) | IKK activity | Chen et al, 2006 |
| Pinitol | IKK activity | Sethi et al, 2008 |
| PMX464 | IKK activity | Callister et al, 2008 |
| Pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| Pyridooxazinone derivative | IKK activity | Karin et al, 2004 |
| N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide | IKK activity | Shishodia et al, 2005; Kuefer et al, 2007 |
| Scytonemin | IKK activity | Stevenson et al, 2002 |
| Semecarpus anacardiu extract | IKK activity | Singh et al, 2006 |
| SPC-839 | IKK activity | Palanki et al, 2002 |
| Sulforaphane and phenylisothiocyanate | IKK activity | Xu et al, 2005; Murakami et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2008: Hayes et al, 2008 |
| Survanta (Surfactant product) | IKK activity | Raychaudhuri et al, 2003 |
| Torque Teno virus ORF2 | IKK activity | Zheng et al, 2007 |
| Piceatannol | IKK activity | Islam et al, 2004 |
| Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) | IKK activity | Sandur et al, 2006 |
| IKKb peptide to NEMO binding domain | IKK-NEMO interaction | May et al, 2000 |
| NEMO CC2-LZ peptide | NEMO oligomerization | Agou et al, 2004 |
| AGRO100 (G-quadraplex oligodeoxynucleotide) | NEMO binding | Girvan et al, 2006 |
| PTEN (tumor suppressor) | Activation of IKK | Gustin et al, 2001 |
| Theaflavin (black tea component) | Activation of IKK | Aneja et al, 2004; Ukil et al, 2006; Kalra et al, 2007 |
| Tilianin | Activation of IKK | Nam et al, 2005 |
| Withanolides | Activation of IKK | Ichikawa et al, 2006 |
| Zerumbone | Activation of IKK | Takada et al, 2005 |
| Silibinin | IKKa activity; nuclear translocation | Dhanalakshmi et al, 2002; Singh et al, 2004; Min et al, 2007 |
| Sulfasalazine | IKKa and IKKb kinase activity | Wahl et al, 1998: Weber et al, 2000 |
| Sulfasalazine analogs | IKK kinase activity | Habens et al, 2005 |
| Quercetin | IKK activity | Peet & Li, 1999 |
| Rosmarinic acid | IKK activity | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Staurosporine | IKK activity | Peet & Li, 1999 |
| gamma-Tocotrienol | IKK activity | Shah & Sylvester, 2005; Ahn et al, 2006 |
| Wedelolactone | IKK activity | Kobori et al, 2003 |
| Betulinic acid | IKKa activity and p65 phosphorylation | Takada & Aggarwal, 2003; Rabi et al, 2008 |
| Ursolic acid | IKKa activity and p65 phosphorylation | Shishodia et al, 2003; Manu & Kuttan, 2008 |
| Thalidomide (and thalidomide analogs) | IKK activity | Keifer et al, 2001; Ge et al, 2006; Carcache de-Blanco et al, 2007 |
| Salubrinal | IKK activity/degradation | Huang et al, 2011 |
| Fas-associated factor-1 | IKK assembly | Park et al, 2007 |
| Interleukin-10 | Reduced IKKa and IKKb expression | Tabary et al, 2003 |
| MC160 (molluscum contagiosum virus) | Reduced IKKa expression | Nichols & Shisler, 2006 |
| Monochloramine and glycine chloramine (NH2Cl) | Oxidizes IkB | Kim et al, 2005; Midwinter et al, 2006 |
| GS143 | Blocks IkB ubiquitylation | Nakajima et al, 2008; Hirose et al, 2008 |
| Salmonella Secreted Factor L | Blocks IkB ubiquitylation | Le Negrate et al, 2008 |
| Anethole | Phosphorylation | Chainy et al, 2000 |
| Anti-thrombin III | Phosphorylation | Oelschlager et al, 2002 |
| Artemisia vestita | Phosphorylation | Sun et al, 2006 |
| Aspirin, sodium salicylate | Phosphorylation, IKKbeta | Frantz & O’Neill, 1995; Kopp & Ghosh, 1994; Yin et al, 1998 |
| Azidothymidine (AZT) | Phosphorylation | Ghosh et al, 2003; Kurokawa et al, 2005 |
| Baoganning | Phosphorylation | Tan et al, 2005 |
| BAY-11-7082
(E3((4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile) |
Phosphorylation | Pierce et al, 1997 |
| BAY-117083
(E3((4-t-butylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile) |
Phosphorylation | Pierce et al, 1997 |
| Benzyl isothiocyanate | Phosphorylation | Srivastava & Singh, 2004 |
| Black raspberry extracts (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(2(G)-xylosylrutinoside), cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside) | Phosphorylation | Huang et al, 2002; Hecht et al, 2006 |
| Buddlejasaponin IV | Phosphorylation | Won et al, 2006 |
| Cacospongionolide B | Phosphorylation | Posadas et al, 2003 |
| Calagualine | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2003 |
| Carbon monoxide | Phosphorylation | Sarady et al, 2002 |
| Carboplatin | Phosphorylation | Singh & Bhat, 2004 |
| Cardamonin | Phosphorylation | Israf et al, 2006 |
| Chorionic gonadotropin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000 |
| Cordycepin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006; Huang et al., 2007 |
| Crassocephalum rabens galactolipid | Phosphorylation | Hou et al., 2007 |
| Cycloepoxydon; 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-pent-1-enylbenzene | Phosphorylation | Gehrt et al, 1998 |
| Cytomegalovirus | Phosphorylation | Jarvis et al, 2006 |
| Decursin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Delphinidin | Phosphorylation | Syed et al, 2008 |
| Dexanabinol | Phosphorylation | Juttler et al, 2004 |
| Digitoxin | Phosphorylation | Srivastava et al, 2004; Jagielska et al, 2009 |
| Dihydrotestosterone | Phosphorylation | Xu et al, 2011 |
| Diterpenes (synthetic) | Phosphorylation | Chao et al, 2005 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | Phosphorylation | Chen et al, 2005; Zand et al, 2008 |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Phosphorylation | Kammanadiminti & Chadee, 2006 |
| Extensively oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) | Phosphorylation | Brand et al, 1997; Page et al, 1999 |
| FBD | Phosphorylation | Lin et al, 2008 |
| FHIT (Fragile histidine triad protein) | Phosphorylation | Nakagawa & Akao, 2006 |
| Fructus Ligustrum lucidi | Phosphorylation | An et al, 2007 |
| Gabexate mesilate | Phosphorylation | Uchiba et al, 2003 |
| [6]-gingerol; casparol | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005; Aktan et al, 2006; Ishiguro et al, 2007 |
| Gleditsia sinensis thorns extract | Phosphorylation | Ha et al, 2008 |
| Gleevec (Imatanib) | Phosphorylation | Wolf et al, 2005 |
| Glossogyne tenuifolia | Phosphorylation | Wu et al, 2004; Ha et al, 2006 |
| Guggulsterone | Phosphorylation | Shishodia & Aggarwal, 2004 |
| 4-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone | Phosphorylation | Lai et al, 2007 |
| Hydroquinone | Phosphorylation | Kerzic et al, 2003 |
| Ibuprofen | Phosphorylation | Palayoor et al, 1998 |
| Indirubin-3′-oxime | Phosphorylation | Mak et al, 2004 |
| Inonotus obliquus ethanol extract | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2007 |
| Interferon-alpha | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000 |
| Inhaled isobutyl nitrite | Phosphorylation | Ponnappan et al, 2004 |
| Kaempferol | Phosphorylation | Garcia-Mediavilla et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2007 |
| Kushen flavonoids and kurarinone | Phosphorylation | Han et al, 2006 |
| Licorce extracts | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006: Kwon et al, 2007 |
| Melatonin | Phosphorylation | Alonso et al, 2006; Tamura et al, 2009 |
| Marine natural products (several) | IKKb/proteasome | Folmer et al, 2009 |
| Methotrexate | Phosphorylation | Majumdar & Aggarwal, 2001; Yozai et al, 2005 |
| Monochloramine | Phosphorylation | Omori et al, 2002 |
| Nafamostat mesilate | Phosphorylation | Noguchi et al, 2003 |
| Obovatol | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2008 |
| Oleandrin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2000; Sreeivasan et al, 2003 |
| Oleanolic acid (Aralia elata) | Phosphorylation | Suh et al, 2007 |
| Omega 3 fatty acids | Phosphorylation | Novak et al, 2003 |
| Panduratin A (from Kaempferia pandurata, Zingiberaceae) | Phosphorylation | Yun et al, 2003 |
| Petrosaspongiolide M | Phosphorylation | Posadas et al, 2003 |
| Pinosylvin | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Plagius flosculosus extract polyacetylene spiroketal | Phosphorylation | Calzado et al, 2005 |
| Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate) | Phosphorylation | Ferry et al, 2002 |
| Pomegranate fruit extract | Phosphorylation | Ahmed et al, 2005 |
| Prostaglandin A1 | Phosphorylation/IKK | Rossi et al, 1997, 2000 |
| Protocatechuic Aldehyde | Phosphorylation | Xu et al, 2011 |
| 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (ginsenoside metabolite) | Phosphorylation | Oh et al, 2004; Lee et al, 2005 |
| Rengyolone | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Rottlerin | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005; Torricelli et al, 2008 |
| Saikosaponin-d | Phosphorylation; Increased IkB | Leung et al, 2005; Dang et al, 2007 |
| Saline (low Na+ istonic) | Phosphorylation | Tabary et al, 2003 |
| Salvia miltiorrhizae water-soluble extract | Phosphorylation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Sanguinarine (pseudochelerythrine, 13-methyl-[1,3]-benzodioxolo-[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo-4,5 phenanthridinium) | Phosphorylation | Chaturvedi et al, 1997 |
| Scoparone | Phosphorylation | Jang et al, 2005 |
| Sesaminol glucosides | Phosphorylation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Shikonins | Phosphorylation | Nam et al, 2008 |
| Silymarin | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 1999; Saliou et al, 1998 |
| Snake venom toxin (Vipera lebetina turanica) | Phosphorylation | Son et al, 2007 |
| SOCS1 | Phosphorylation | Kinjyo et al, 2002; Nakagawa et al, 2002 |
| Spilanthol | Phosphorylation | Wu et al, 2008 |
| Statins (several) | Phosphorylation | Hilgendorff et al, 2003; Han et al, 2004; Planavila et al, 2005 |
| Sulindac | IKK/Phosphorylation | Yamamato et al, 1999 |
| THI 52 (1-naphthylethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydroisoquinoline) |
Phosphorylation | Kang et al, 2003 |
| 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine derivatives | Phosphorylation | Manna et al, 2004 |
| Tomatidine | Phosphorylation | Chiu & Lin, 2008 |
| Vesnarinone | Phosphorylation | Manna & Aggarwal, 2000; Harada et al, 2005 |
| Xanthoangelol D | Phosphorylation | Sugii et al, 2005 |
| YC-1 | Phosphorylation | Huang et al, 2005 |
| YopJ (encoded by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) | Deubiquintinase for IkBa; Acetylation of IKKbeta | Schesser et al, 1998; Zhou et al, 2005; Mittal et al, 2006; Mukherjee & Orth, 2008 |
| Osmotic stress | IkB ubiquitination | Huangfu et al, 2007 |
| Acetaminophen | Degradation | Mancini et al, 2003 |
| Activated Protein C (APC) | Degradation | Yuksel et al, 2002 |
| Alachlor | Degradation | Shimomura-Shimizu et al, 2005 |
| Allylpyrocatechol | Degradation | Sarkar et al, 2008 |
| a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1998 |
| Amentoflavone | Degradation | Banerjee et al, 2002; Guruvayoorappan & Kuttan, 2007 |
| Angelica dahurica radix extract | Degradation | Kang et al, 2006 |
| Apple extracts | Degradation/proteasome | Yoon & Liu, 2007 |
| Artemisia capillaris Thunb extract (capillarisin) | Degradation | Hong et al, 2004; Kim et al, 2007; Lee et al, 2007 |
| Artemisia iwayomogi extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| L-ascorbic acid | Degradation | Han et al, 2004 |
| Antrodia camphorata | Degradation | Hseu et al, 2005 |
| Aucubin | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2002 |
| Baicalein | Degradation | Ma et al, 2004 |
| N-(quinolin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamindes | Degradation | Xie et al, 2007 |
| beta-lapachone | Degradation | Manna et al, 1999 |
| Blackberry extract | Degradation | Pergola et al, 2006 |
| 1-Bromopropane | Degradation | Yoshida et al, 2006 |
| Buchang-tang | Degradation | Shin et al, 2005 |
| Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) | Degradation | Singh et al, 1996; Mori et al, 2006; Kang et al, 2007 |
| Catalposide | Degradation | Kim et al, 2004 |
| Clerodendron trichotomum Tunberg Leaves | Degradation | Park & Kim, 2007 |
| Clomipramine/imipramine | Degradation | Hwang et al, 2008 |
| Coptidis rhizoma extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2007 |
| Cyclolinteinone (sponge sesterterpene) | Degradation | D’Acquisto et al, 2000 |
| DA-9601 (Artemisia asiatica extract) | Degradation | Choi et al, 2006 |
| Diamide (tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Toledano & Leonard, 1991; Singh & Aggarwal, 1995 |
| Dihydroarteanniun | Degradation | Li et al, 2006 |
| Dobutamine | Degradation | Loop et al, 2004 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | Degradation | Weldon et al, 2006 |
| E-73 (cycloheximide analog) | Degradation | Sugimoto et al, 2000 |
| Ecabet sodium | Degradation | Kim et al, 2003 |
| Electrical stimulation of vagus nerve | Degradation | Guarini et al, 2003 |
| Emodin (3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) | Degradation | Kumar et al, 1998; Huang et al, 2004 |
| Ephedrae herba (Mao) | Degradation | Aoki et al, 2005 |
| Equol | Degradation | Kang et al, 2005 |
| Erbstatin (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) | Degradation | Natarajan et al, 1998 |
| Estrogen (E2) | Degradation/and various other steps | Sun et al, 1998; Kalaitzidis & Gilmore, 2005; Steffan et al, 2006 |
| Ethacrynic acid | Degradation (and DNA binding) | Han et al, 2004 |
| Fludarabine | Degradation | Nishioka et al, 2007 |
| Fosfomycin | Degradation | Yoneshima et al, 2003 |
| Fungal gliotoxin | Degradation | Pahl et al, 1999 |
| Gabexate mesilate | Degradation | Yuksel et al, 2003 |
| Gamisanghyulyunbueum | Degradation | Shin et al, 2005 |
| Genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) | Degradation; caspase cleavage of IkBa | Natarajan et al, 1998; Baxa & Yoshimura, 2003 |
| Genipin | Degradation | Koo et al, 2004 |
| Glabridin | Degradation | Kang et al, 2004 |
| Ginsenoside Re | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2007 |
| Glimepiride | Degradation | Schiekofer et al, 2003 |
| Glucosamine (sulfate or carboxybutyrylated) | Degradation | Largo et al, 2003; Rafi et al, 2007; Rajapakse et al, 2008 |
| gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase | Degradation | Manna et al, 1999 |
| Glutamine | Degradation | Singleton et al, 2005; Fillmann et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2008 |
| Glycochenodeoxycholate | Degradation | Bucher et al, 2006 |
| Guave leaf extract | Degradation | Choi et al, 2008 |
| Gumiganghwaltang | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Gum mastic | Degradation | He et al, 2007 |
| Heat shock protein-70 | Degradation | Chan et al, 2004; Shi et al, 2006 |
| Herbal mixture (Cinnamomi ramulus, Anemarrheriae rhizoma, Officinari rhizoma) | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2008 |
| Hypochlorite | Degradation | Mohri et al, 2002 |
| Ibudilast | Degradation | Kiebala & Maggirwar, 1998 |
| IL-13 | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1998 |
| Incensole acetate | Degradation | Moussaieff et al, 2007 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | Degradation | Ichiyama et al, 2004 |
| Isomallotochromanol and isomallotochromene | Degradation | Ishii et al, 2003 |
| K1L (Vaccinia virus protein) | Degradation | Shisler & Jin, 2004 |
| Kochia scoparia fruit (methanol extract) | Degradation | Shin et al, 2004 |
| Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl (ethanol extract) | Degradation | Tao et al, 2008 |
| Leflunomide metabolite (A77 1726) | Degradation | Manna & Aggarwal, 1999 |
| Lidocaine | Degradation | Feng et al, 2007; Lahat et al, 2008 |
| Lipoxin A4 | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2007 |
| Losartan | Degradation/NF-kB expression | Chen et al, 2002; Zhu et al, 2007 |
| Low level laser therapy | Degradation | Rizzi et al, 2006 |
| LY294002 (PI3-kinase inhibitor) [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenylchromone] | Degradation | Park et al, 2002 |
| MC159 (Molluscum contagiosum virus) | Degradation of IkBb | Murao & Shisler, 2005 |
| Melatonin | Degradation | Zhang et al, 2004 |
| Meloxicam | Degradation | Liu et al, 2007 |
| 5′-methylthioadenosine | Degradation | Hevia et al, 2004 |
| Midazolam | Degradation | Kim et al, 2006 |
| Momordin I | Degradation | Hwang et al, 2005 |
| Morinda officinalis extract | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005 |
| Mosla dianthera extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Mume fructus extract | Degradation | Choi et al, 2007 |
| Murr1 gene product | Degradation | Ganesh et al, 2003 |
| Neurofibromatosis-2 (NF-2; merlin) protein | Degradation | Kim et al, 2002 |
| Opuntia ficus indica va saboten extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2006 |
| Ozone (aqueous) | Degradation | Huth et al, 2007 |
| Paeony total glucosides | Degradation | Chen et al, 2007 |
| Pectenotoxin-2 | Degradation | Kim et al, 2008 |
| Penetratin | Degradation | Letoya et al, 2006 |
| Pervanadate (tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Singh & Aggarwal, 1995; Singh et al, 1996 |
| Phenylarsine oxide (PAO, tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) | Degradation | Mahboubi et al, 1998; Singh & Aggarwal, 1995 |
| beta-Phenylethyl (PEITC) and 8-methylsulphinyloctyl isothiocyanates (MSO) (watercress) | Degradation | Rose et al, 2005 |
| Phenytoin | Degradation | Kato et al, 2005 |
| c-phycocyanin | Degradation | Cherng et al, 2007 |
| Platycodin saponins | Degradation | Ahn et al, 2005; Lee et al, 2008 |
| Polymeric formula | Degradation | de Jong et al, 2007 |
| Polymyxin B | Degradation | Jiang et al, 2006 |
| Poncirus trifoliata fruit extract | Degradation; phosphorylation of IkBa | Shin et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2007 |
| Probiotics | Degradation | Petrof et al, 2004 |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) | Degradation | Delgado & Ganea, 2001 |
| Prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) | Degradation | Cuzzocrea et al, 2003; Chatterjee et al, 2004 |
| Prodigiosin (Hahella chejuensis) | Degradation | Huh et al, 2007 |
| PS-341 | Degradation/proteasome | Hideshima et al, 2002 |
| Radix asari extract | Degradation | Song et al, 2007 |
| Radix clematidis extract | Degradation | Lee et al, 2009 |
| Resiniferatoxin | Degradation | Singh et al, 1996 |
| Sabaeksan | Degradation | Choi et al, 2005 |
| SAIF (Saccharomyces boulardii anti-inflammatory factor) | Degradation | Sougioultzis et al, 2006 |
| Sanguis Draconis | Degradation | Choy et al, 2007 |
| San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang | Degradation | Shih et al, 2007 |
| Schisandra fructus extract | Degradation | Kang et al, 2006; Guo et al, 2008 |
| Scutellarin | Degradation | Tan et al, 2007 |
| Sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide; ergolide; guaianolides; alpha-humulene; trans-caryophyllene) | Degradation | Hehner et al, 1998; Whan Han et al, 2001; Schorr et al, 2002; Medeiros et al, 2007 |
| Sevoflurane/isoflurane | Degradation | Boost et al, 2009 |
| Siegeskaurolic acid (from Siegesbeckia pubescens root) | Degradation | Park et al, 2007 |
| ST2 (IL-1-like receptor secreted form) | Degradation | Takezako et al, 2006 |
| Synadenium carinatum latex lectin | Degradation | Rogerio et al, 2007 |
| Taiwanofungus camphoratus | Degradation | Liu et al, 2007 |
| Taurene bromamine | Degradation | Tokunaga et al, 2007 |
| Thiopental | Degradation | Loop et al, 2002 |
| Tipifarnib | Degradation | Xue et al, 2005 |
| Titanium | Degradation | Yang et al, 2003 |
| TNP-470 (angiogenesis inhibitor) | Degradation | Mauriz et al, 2003 |
| Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) plant extracts | Degradation | Riehemann et al, 1999 |
| Trichomomas vaginalis infection | Degradation | Chang et al, 2004 |
| Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins | Degradation | Kumwenda et al, 2002 |
| Tussilagone (Farfarae fios) | Degradation | Lim et al, 2008 |
| U0126 (MEK inhibitor) | Degradation | Takaya et al, 2003 |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | Degradation | Joo et al, 2004 |
| Xanthium strumarium L. (methanol extract) | Degradation | Kim et al, 2005; Yoon et al, 2008 |
| Yulda-Hanso-Tang | Degradation | Jeong et al, 2007 |
| Zinc | Degradation | Uzzo et al, 2006; Bao et al, 2006 |
| Molluscum contagiosum virus MC159 protein | IkBbeta degradation | Murao & Shisler, 2005 |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide | Degradation (and CBP-RelA interaction) | Delgado & Ganea, 2001; Delgado, 2002 |
| HIV-1 Vpu protein | TrCP ubiquitin ligase inhibitor | Bour et al, 2001 |
| Epoxyquinone A monomer | IKKb/DNA binding | Liang et al, 2006 |
| Ro106-9920 (small molecule) | IkBa ubiqutination inhibitor | Swinney et al, 2002 |
| Furonaphthoquinone | IKK activity | Shin et al, 2006 |
| β-TrCP | Degradation | Kanarek et al, 2012 |
