Abstract: This article examines African women’s geographical mobility in both the British-governed Cameroon Province and coastal French-governed Cameroon between 1928 and 1959, and the threatening specter this presented to the two European governments on either side of the colonial boundary. As African women participated in increasing rural-urban migration and both spurred and reacted to profound changes in family building practices in rural areas, colonial authorities sought the cooperation of African political and village leaders to limit women’s itinerancy and entrepreneurial activities—perceiving these as threats to public health and morality. Over time, African political and religious leaders magnified colonial approaches to restricting women’s migration to cities and innovated new forms of localized control, creating a politico-religious axis aimed at limiting women’s travels and economic opportunities. African women migrants and entrepreneurs bristled at colonial, indigenous, and religious commands, and their public resistance to patriarchal restraints constructed new modes of urban citizenship.