Speaker - Prashant Yadav. Dr. Yadav is a Senior Fellow, Center for Global Development and Affiliate Professor of Technology and Operations Management, INSEAD Lecturer, Global Health & Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School. Pharmaceutical companies with COVID-19 vaccine, therapeutic, and diagnostic technologies in late stages of development have to determine long-term manufacturing and distribution capacity investments while facing high uncertainty of long term demand and public funding. The demand uncertainty results in socially suboptimal investment in manufacturing capacity and production processes. In this talk I will discuss ideas through which public agencies and global philanthropies can incentivize manufacturers of health technologies to invest in sufficient (socially optimal) manufacturing capacity. We look at 3 different instruments through which such incentives can be created and compare and contrast them using analytical modelling. I also discuss options of scale-up and scale-out for such technologies and the need for horizontal collaboration to ensure rapid reconfiguration of manufacturing capacity and input material supplies.