MARK PERAKH
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has a well-defined religious position, arguing for the revival of the
Russian Orthodox Church.
A combination of views, diHering to a certain extent from that of
Solzhenitsyn, is represented by a group that may be called "Christian
Democrats." One of the eminent representatives of this group is the
writer Vladimir Maksimov, now editing the journal
Continent
in
Paris, which is the mouthpiece of the so-called "third emigration."
This group occupies a strong antitotalitarian position: they are liber–
als. They are also members of the Russian Orthodox Church. And they
are Russian nationalists desiring to preserve the integrity of the vast
country, but without extremism. 111 practice, the composition of this
group is not influenced by national origin. A significant portion of the
group members are russified or even baptized Jews-for example, the
eminent poets Aleksander Galich and Naum Korzhavin. The views
typical of this group are rather widespread among the humanist
intelligensia and the technocrats of the intermediate levels in Russia.
A significant position among Russian dissenters is held by the
group that may be called " liberals." The main figure of this group is
Andrey Sakharov. Sakharov occupies an internationalist, atheist, and
antitotalitarian position . In Sakharov's group the struggle for human
rights is stressed regardless of ideological diHerences. Among Sakha–
rov's adherents are many representatives of the scientific elite, such as
Dr. Yu. Orlov, Dr. S. Kovalev, and Dr. V. Turchin. Sakharov enjoys a
common respect on the part of all the dissenting groups and his moral
authority among the representatives of all the trends is extraordinary.
In certain respects he must be regarded as the acknowledged leader of
the entire opposition movement. Solzhenitsyn, who has earned great
respect as a writer and a fighter against the totalitarian system in the
USSR, has adherents, but many people do not share his political ideas,
his interpretation of history, his predictions for the future of Russia.
One must not, however, neglect Solzhenitsyn's enormous recent
achievement in explaining to Western society the nature of Soviet
totalitarianism.
Another group of dissenters may be called "social democrats."
Many representatives of this group are now emigrating to the West.
They occupy an antitotalitarian and extremely internationalistic posi–
tion. D. Litvinov represents an atheistic trend in this group while A.
Levitin-Krasnov takes a religious position.
The national movements in the Balticum, Armenia, Moldavia,
and so on, do not explicitly formulate any political aims connected
with the social structure of the country, but limit themselves to the
aims of their national liberation. On the other hand, the national
