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results presented in Dziuba's classified work frightened the Party bosses
so badly that the manuscript was immediately withdrawn from circula–
tion. However, Dziuba's thoroughly documented manuscript was soon
circulated in Samizdat. Its impact on the Ukrainian intelligensia was
profound. Ivan Dziuba himself became for a time one of the prominent
figures in the Ukrainian national movement. Unfortunately, however,
Dziuba could not withstand the authorities' pressure. After unbearable
torture, Dziuba wrote a letter of "remorse" and retracted his own work.
But the real reasons for Dziuba's behavior were obvious, and the impact
of
~his
work remained strong.
During the sixties and thus far into the seventies, the authorities
have suppressed all evidence of Ukrainian nationalistic expression.
Thousands of dissenters protesting the russification of the Ukraine and
striving for a national renaissance, and, as a long-term goal, for
independence, have been put into prison. Among them are Svytoslav
Karavansky, Nina Strokataya, Stefaniya Shabatura, Igor Kalynets, Ivan
Svetlychny, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Irina Stasiv, Ivan Gel. The most
famous of the Ukrainian activists is probably Valentin Moroz, who
showed extraordinary courage under the notorious conditions of the
Vladimir Political Prison. Moroz is now acknowledged as leader of the
Ukrainian resistance.
A strong national movement emerged in the Bal ticum as well. In
Lithuania the national movement took the form of a struggle for the
revival of the Lithuanian Catholic Church. This movement put forth
such heroes as Romas Kalanta, a student who set himself on fire and
burned to death in protest against the annihilation of Lithuanian
independence. In Estonia in the beginning of 1971, a so-called "pro–
gram of democrats" was circulated. That same year in this small
country an underground Estonian National Front emerged.
In the beginning of the seventies, a movement for the indepen–
dence of Armenia came into existence. An underground party, "Na–
tional Unity of Armenia," was created, which became known after the
trial late in 1974 of its activists, Ayrikyan, Arshakyan, Zograbyan and
others. Similar phenomena appeared in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekis–
tan, Tajicistan, Latvia and other parts of the empire, though on a
smaller scale.
Two national movements, those of the Crimean Tatars and of the
Jews, possess some special features. The Crimean Tatars are a small
group of Turkish origin who have inhabited the Crimean peninsula
from time immemorial. Unfortunately, the Crimean peninsula is an
extremely attractive piece of land that the Tatars' Slavic neighbors have
always been eager to possess. In 1944, after the Crimea was liberated
