Examines aspects of international relations. May be repeated for credit if topics are different. One topic is offered Fall 2021. Section A1: Democracy and the Populist Challenge in Europe and North America. Focuses on the crisis of liberal democracy in Europe and North America and the challenges of populism. Examines different possible sources of populist discontent, including economic, social, and political. Explores comparatively the populists' playbook while in (and out) of power. Topic for Spring 2022, Section A1: Sovereignty and Resistance: Non- Western States in the Age of Imperialism. In the nineteenth century European powers conquered Asia and Africa. Only China, Japan, Siam/Thailand, Persia/Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Abyssinia/Ethiopia remained independent. Examines states' strategies to retain their sovereignty. Korea, Morocco, Madagascar, Tonga, and Hawai'i might be included.