190
PARTISAN REVIEW
sovereignty has ended. In the new, managerial society, we can
already see that sovereignty is to be localized where it has been in
fact coming to rest, in the administrative commissions, boards,
bureaus, of the new
UJ'l,limited
state.
In place of the dominant ideologies of capitalism, focusing
around the concepts and slogans of "natural rights," "free enter–
prise," " private initiative, " "life, liberty and the pursuit of happi–
ness," and other offspring of "individualism," the ideologies of
managerial society will focus around such concepts and slogans as
the collectivity ("state," "race," "proletariat," "people"), "human
rights
vs.
property rights," "discipline," "order," " sacrifice," and
so on. As examples of early variants of managerial ideologies
may be cited Leninism-Stalinism (Bolshevism), fascism-Nazism,
and, at a still more primitive level, New Dealism.
The managerial social structure will mean the reduction to
impotence, and finally the disappearance, or virtual disappearance,
of the class of capitalists (to say that capitalist institutions will
disappear is at the same time to say that capitalists will disappear).
Within the new structure, the new ruling class-that is, those who
have the principal control over the instruments of production and
who get the principal differential rewards from the products of
those instruments (for such persons are what we mean by the ruling•
class in any society) -will be the managers together with their
bureaucratic colleagues in the strictly political movement. Under
the institutions of managerial society, with the unlimited state at
once the sovereign political and the controlling economic apparatus,
these two latter groups (managers and bureaucrats) will be on the
whole fused.
By "managers" I mean those who for the most part are
already actually managing production nowadays, whether within
the narrowing sphere of private enterprise or the expanding arena
of state enterprise: the production executives, administrative engi–
neers, supervisory technicians, plant co-ordinators, government
bureau heads and commissioners and administrators. Under mod–
ern technological conditions, these managers (or· administrators)
are seldom identical as persons (as they usually used to be) with
the capitalists, are not themselves capitalists; and in any event
there is no necessary connection of any kind between the mana–
gerial and the capitalist
fUJl,ctions
in the total economic process.
