Hemoglobin and Protein Folding

Hemoglobin:

Here are some links to the Hemoglobin mechanism for cooperativity:

Changes at the C-terminus (link).

Conformational differences between the T- and R-states caused by BPG binding (link).

Nice overall picture of hemoglobin from the PDB: Hemoglobin: Molecule of the Month and one for fetal Hb on the RCSB Protein Data Bank website, with great images by David Goodsell and Shuchismita Dutta.

These are from a Web site by

Janet Iwasa is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.

Protein Folding and Stability:

Here are some links for animations for protein folding and stability:

Here is a calculation of how a protein might fold (link).

The video we showed in class on protein folding simulation (link).

Dr. Horwich, who discovered GroEL/GroES on assisted protein folding, is a critical reference: Cheng MY, Hartl FU, Martin J, Pollock RA, Kalousek F, Neupert W, Hallberg EM, Hallberg RL, Horwich AL. Mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is essential for assembly of proteins imported into yeast mitochondria. Nature. 1989 Feb16;337(6208):620-5.

Lastly, here is a lecture from Dr. George Rose who has been a great thinker and pioneer on solving the code for protein folding. This lecture challenges some of the assumptions about the folding reaction (link).