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cation of authoritarian personalities . This acceptance of psycho–
analysis also engendered a climate that challenged these analysts to
apply their new expertise "in the field." Consequently, American op–
timism and German opportunism converged, and furthered profes–
sional interests on both sides of the Atlantic . That the Berlin Reichs–
institut for Psychotherapy had been bombed to shambles in April
1945 was a blessing: all records disappeared, and as long as the sur–
viving members told the same story, they could not be accused of
collaboration.
As Cocks tells us, the psychotherapists had accommodated to the
Nazi powers. Some, such as Carl G. Jung and Fritz Kuenkel, whose
psychoanalysis had overtones derived from romanticism, and who
already believed in the innate determinants of culture and religion ,
easily accepted the Nazis' racial ideology, which had similar roots;
others, such as Goring and Leonhard Seif, were more intent on forg–
ing a
Volksgemeinschaft;
and yet others , in the (small) Freudian
Gruppe
A ,
were more inclined to use psychotherapy to help cure homosex–
uality and other "deviances." Yet, the situation was in flux, and
especially when it began to look as if the Germans might not win the
war, the psychoanalysts began to spend more time worrying about
survival- during bombardment and in the event of an Allied vic–
tory .
The cooperation between Freudians, Adlerians, and Jungians
provided the organizational model for the post-war psychoanalytic
organizations. Initially, the German members of the General
Medical Society for Psychotherapy had banded together, in 1933, to
defend themselves against accusations of Jewishness . In fact, they
began by relying on J ung's theoretical distinctions between the
Aryan and theJewish psyche , although they soon depended more on
their director, Matthias Heinrich Goring- Hermann's cousin . It
was he, and the magic of the Goring name, who facilitated the per–
petuation of the "Jewish science," by absorbing the Karl Abraham
Institut of Psychoanalysis in Berlin, in 1933, and its Viennese coun–
terpart in 1938. Goring, the father figure known as Papi, ran in–
terference between the interests of his therapists and those of the
Nazi state. He allegedly helped analysts who had Jewish wives; his
wife , Erna, was analyzed by Werner Kemper, one of the four Freud–
ians. But, whereas Cocks seems to accept that Frau Goring changed
from a "dangerous defender" of Nazi
Seelenheilkunde
to a friend (when
she alerted her analyst to the impending arrest of individuals dis–
trusted by the regime), a number of young investigators around the
