Carmichael, Amy Beatrice (1867-1951)
Founder of the Dohnavur Fellowship
Born in Belfast Ireland, to a devout family of Scottish ancestry, Carmichael was educated at home and in England, where she lived with the familt of Robert Wilson after her father’s death. While never officially adopted, she used the hyphenated name Wilson-Carmichael as late as 1912. Her missionary call came through contacts with the Keswick movement. In 1892 she volunteered to the China Inland Mission but was refused on health grounds. However, in 1893 she sailed for Japan as the first Keswick missionary to join the Church Missionary Society (CMS) work led by Barclay Buxton. After less than two years in Japan and Ceylon, she was back in England before the end of 1894. The next year she volunteered to the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, and in November 1895 she arrived in South India, never to leave. While still learning the difficult Tamil language, she commenced itinerant evangelism with a band of Indian Christian women, guided by the CMS missionary Thomas Walker. She soon found herself responsible for Indian women converts, and in 1901, she, the Walkers, and their Indian colleagues settled in Dohnavur. During her village itinerations, she had become increasingly aware of the fact that many Indian children were dedicated to the gods by their parents or guardians, became temple children, and lived in moral and spiritual danger. It became her mission to rescue and raise these children, and so the Dohnavur Fellowship came into being (registered 1927). Known at Dohnavur as Amma (Mother), Carmichael was the leader, and the work became well known through her writing. Workers volunteered and financial support was received, though money was never solicited. In 1931 she had a serious fall, and this, with arthritis, kept her an invalid for the rest of her life. She continued to write, and identified leaders, missionary and Indian, to take her place. The Dohnavur Fellowship still continues today.
Jocelyn Murray, “Carmichael, Amy Beatrice,” in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. Gerald H. Anderson (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998), 116.
This article is reprinted from Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, Macmillan Reference USA, copyright © 1998 Gerald H. Anderson, by permission of Macmillan Reference USA, New York, NY. All rights reserved.
“Ammai” of orphans and holiness author
Amy Carmichael was born in Ireland in 1867, the oldest of seven children. As a teen, she attended a Wesleyan Methodist girls boarding school, until her father died when she was 18. Carmichael twice attended Keswick Conventions and experienced a holiness conversion which led her to work among the poor in Belfast. Through the Keswick Conventions, Carmichael met Robert Wilson. He developed a close relationship with the young woman, and invited her to live with his family. Carmichael soon felt a call to mission work and applied to the China Inland Mission as Amy Carmichael-Wilson. Although she did not go to China due to health reasons, Carmichael did go to Japan for a brief period of time. There she dressed in kimonos and began to learn Japanese. Her letters home from Japan became the basis for her first book, From Sunrise Land. Carmichael left Japan due to health reasons, eventually returning to England. She soon accepted a position with the Church of England’s Zenana Missionary Society, serving in India. From 1895 to 1925, her work with orphans in Tinnevelly (now Tirunelveli) was supported by the Church of England. After that time, Carmichael continued her work in the faith mission style, establishing an orphanage in Dohnavur. The orphanage first cared for girls who had been temple girls, who would eventually become temple prostitutes. Later the orphanage accepted boys as well.
Carmichael never returned to England after arriving in India. She wrote prolifically, publishing nearly 40 books. In her personal devotions, she relied on scripture and poetry. She wrote many of her own poems and songs. Carmichael had a bad fall in 1931, which restricted her movement. She stayed in her room, writing and studying. She often quoted Julian of Norwich when she wrote of suffering and patience. Many of Carmichael’s books have stories of Dohnavur children, interspersed with scripture, verses, and photographs of the children or nature. Carmichael never directly asked for funding, but the mission continued to be supported through donations. In 1951 Carmichael died at Dohnavur. Her headstone is inscribed “Ammai”, revered mother, which the children of Dohnavur called Carmichael.
Carmichael’s lengthy ministry at Dohnavur was sustained through her strong reliance upon scripture and prayer. Her early dedication to holiness practices and her roots in the Keswick tradition helped to guide her strong will and determination in her mission to the children of southern India.
by Rev. Lisa Beth White
Bibliography
Digital Texts
Carmichael, Amy. From the Fight. London: Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, 1887.
_____. From Sunrise Land: Letters from Japan. London: Marshall Brothers, 1895.
_____. Things as They Are; Mission Work in Southern India . London: Morgan and Scott, 1905.
_____. Overweights of Joy. London: Morgan and Scott, 1906.
_____. Lotus Buds. London: Morgan and Scott, 1910.
_____. The Continuation of a Story. London: Dohnavur Fellowship, [1914?].
_____. Walker of Tinnevelly. London: Morgan and Scott, 1916.
_____. [Thomas] Ragland, Pioneer. Madras: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Depository, 1922.
Primary
Carmichael, Amy. Ponnamal, her Story. London: Morgan and Scott, 1918.
_____. Tables in the Wilderness. London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1923.
_____. Raj, the Brigand’s Story. London: Seeley Service, 1927.
_____. The Widow of the Jewels. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928.
_____. From the Forest. London: Oliphants, 1930.
_____. Gold Cord, the Story of a Fellowship. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1932.
_____. Rose from Brier. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1933.
_____. Gold by Moonlight. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1935
_____. Toward Jerusalem. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1936.
_____. Figures of the True. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1938.
_____. Edges of His Ways: Selections for Daily Reading; London: SPCK, 1957.
_____. Thou Givest, they Gather. Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1958.
_____. Mimosa, who was Charmed. Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1963.
_____. Candles in the Dark: Letters of Amy Carmichael. London: Triangle, 1981.
_____. Whispers of His Power: Selections for Daily Reading. London: Triangle, 1982.
Secondary
Bingham, Derick. The Wild-Bird Child: A Life of Amy Carmichael. Ambassador Emerald International, 2004.
Benge, Janet and Geoff. Amy Carmichael: Rescuer of Previous Gems. YWAM Publishing, 1998.
Elliot, Elisabeth. A Chance to Die: The Life and Legacy of Amy Carmichael. Grand Rapids, MI: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1987.
Wellman, Sam. Amy Carmichael: A Life Abandoned to God. Barbour Publishing, 1998.
Links
The Dohnavur Fellowship.