{"id":97,"date":"2025-11-26T11:32:08","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T16:32:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/?page_id=97"},"modified":"2026-08-11T10:24:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T14:24:16","slug":"citing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/help-research-support\/citing\/","title":{"rendered":"Citing &#038; Citation Management"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"Style Guides\">Common Citation Styles<\/h2>\n<p>See below for guidance on common citation styles, as well as additional styles that you may be required to use depending on your program. However, there is no standard citation style at BU. Always check with your instructor or publisher for their preferred style.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">American Psychological Association (APA) <\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>APA style covers the aspects of scholarly writing most pertinent to writing in psychology, business, communications, engineering, and related fields. <a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/\">APA style<\/a> is the most commonly used citation style for social and behavioral sciences.<\/p>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/apa-style\/\">Citation &amp; Documentation in APA Style<\/a>\u00a0(Excelsior Online Writing Lab)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/style-grammar-guidelines\">Style &amp; Grammar Guidelines<\/a> (APA Style)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Chicago Style <\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>The Chicago Manual of Style is primarily used in the United States, and is commonly used for citing sources in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. There are two different citation styles within the manual; the notes-bibliography (NB) system, and the author-date (AD) system. Check with your instructor or publisher to determine which style you should use.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/library.bu.edu\/chicagomanual\">Chicago Manual of Style Online <\/a>is a searchable guide the Chicago style of citation, editorial, and publishing practices. It includes both the 15th and 16th editions plus searchable Q&amp;A content, sample forms, letters, and style sheets, and other tools.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/chicago-style\/\">Citation &amp; Documentation: Chicago Style<\/a> (Excelsior Online Writing Lab)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/u1o13f\/alma99208704708701161\">Chicago Manual of Style, Seventeenth Edition<\/a> (print resource)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Modern Language Association (MLA) <\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>MLA is the second most used citation style after APA. Learners in the liberal arts and humanities often use MLA\u00a0style,\u00a0especially for\u00a0English Language and\u00a0Literature\u00a0courses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/citation-and-documentation\/mla-style\/\">How to Format Citations in MLA Style<\/a> (Excelsior Online Writing Lab)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/6cpajt\/alma99208897412001161\">MLA Handbook, Ninth edition\u00a0<\/a>(Print resource)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>More Citation Styles<\/h3>\n<p>Some fields and disciplines use their own styles and guidance for citing. While there are hundreds of styles available, we&#8217;ve selected a few to highlight here. As always, if you aren\u2019t sure which style to use, check with your instructor or publisher.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">American Chemistry Society (ACS)<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/acsguide.40303\">ACS Style Quick Guide<\/a> (Open Access)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ezproxy.bu.edu\/login?url=https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/u1o13f\/alma99209571191601161\">The ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication<\/a> (Online resource, sign-in required)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">American Medical Association (AMA)<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/u1o13f\/alma99209622800501161\">AMA Manual of Style ; A guide for authors and editors, 11th edition<\/a> (Print &amp; Online Access available)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/\">American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)\u00a0<\/a>offers\u00a0some of the engineering profession\u2019s most esteemed publications in the field of mechanical engineering.<br \/>\nNote: ASME primarily uses a form of the Chicago Manual of Style for reference format. Authors are encouraged to seek out precise instructions through the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/\">Chicago Manual of Style<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">The Council of Science Editors (CSE)<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>The<a href=\"http:\/\/www.csemanual.org\/Tools\/CSE-Citation-Quick-Guide.html\"> Council of Science Editors (CSE)<\/a> is an international membership organization for editorial professionals publishing in the sciences.\u00a0CSE Style offers three systems of documentation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Citation-sequence<\/strong>:\u00a0Citations are\u00a0included in a numbered list at the end of the paper,\u00a0in the order in which they appear in the text.\u00a0Within the text of your paper, use superscript numbers to refer to the corresponding citation in your citation list.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Citation-name<\/strong>: Citations are included in a numbered list at the end of the paper in a numbered list, in alphabetical order by author last name. Within the text of your paper, use superscript numbers to refer to the corresponding citation in your list.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Name-year<\/strong>: Citations are listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order by author last name, but not numbered. Within the text of your paper, cite sources by using the author&#8217;s last name followed by the year of publication in parentheses. For example: Jones (2005).<\/li>\n<li>In all three systems, a reference list at the end of the paper provides all the information your reader needs to track down your sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Online Resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Engineering Librarian, Paula Carey&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/library.bu.edu\/csestyle\">CSE Style Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.csemanual.org\/Tools\/CSE-Citation-Quick-Guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CSE Style Citation Quick Guide<\/a> (open access)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Print Resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/u1o13f\/alma99209397381301161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CSE Manual, Nineth Edition by Council of Science Editors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/01BOSU_INST\/7c0l6q\/alma99207867667601161\">Scientific Style and Format: 8th edition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h4 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)<\/h4><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ieee.org\/about\/index.html\">Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)<\/a> is a professional organization supporting many branches of engineering, computer science, and information technology.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In addition to publishing journals, magazines, and conference proceedings, IEEE also makes many standards for a wide variety of industries.<\/li>\n<li>IEEE citation style includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end of the paper.<\/li>\n<li>The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically. For examples, see the <a href=\"http:\/\/ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/IEEE_Style_Manual.pdf\">IEEE Editorial Style Manual<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<aside class=\"dialogue dialogue-info\">For guidance with citing research data, please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/help-research-support\/data-services\/citing-data\/\">Citing Data<\/a> page.<\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"quick-cite\">Quick Citation Generators<\/h2>\n<p>If you&#8217;re looking for a tool to simply generate citations quickly, these resources may suit your needs. Keep in mind that you should always double-check generated citations for accuracy!<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibme.org\/\">BibMe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.citationmachine.net\/\">Citation Machine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.citefast.com\/\">Citefast<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.citethisforme.com\/\">Cite This For Me<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/zbib.org\/\">ZoteroBib<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\" bu-callout aligncenter\"><\/p>\n<h3>NCSU&#8217;s Citation Builder<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.ncsu.edu\/citationbuilder\/\">This tool from NCSU<\/a> offers a quick and easy, fill-in-the-blank tool for creating single citations in MLA, APA, Chicago, and CSE formats.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"citation-managers\">Getting Started with Citation Managers<\/h2>\n<p>Citation managers are specialized research tools that help you collect, organize, cite, and share your references. Citation managers are ideal for sharing references among members of a research group, such as students working on a group assignment, or faculty co-writing a paper<\/p>\n<p>BU Libraries provides support for the following citation managers, except <strong>RefWorks after<\/strong> <strong>August 31st, 2026<\/strong>. Select the pages below to learn more about each tool:<\/p>\n<p><span>\t<div class=\"bu-list-child-pages\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/help-research-support\/citing\/zotero\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Zotero<\/a><\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/help-research-support\/citing\/refworks\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">RefWorks<\/a><\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"dialogue dialogue-warning\">The Boston University Libraries are discontinuing RefWorks and users will lose access to their accounts on August 31, 2026.\u00a0 If you would like to preserve the references you&#8217;ve collected with RefWorks, you will need to upload them to another reference manager before this date. For step-by-step guidance, please refer to our RefWorks page.<\/aside>\n<aside><\/aside>\n<h2>Choosing a Citation Manager<\/h2>\n<p>Can&#8217;t decide which citation is right for you?\u00a0If you&#8217;d like to compare your options, the University of Toronto has an extensive comparison table that may help you decide.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"button-secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.utoronto.ca\/citationmanagement\/comparison-table\">Citation Comparison Table at University of Toronto<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Best Practices for Citing in Research<\/h2>\n<p>While citation managers make citing, storing, and organizing references easy, they are not foolproof. Keep the following in mind when using them:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Check Your References<\/h3>\n<p>The various libraries and databases you use index information differently, with varying degrees of accuracy.\u00a0 Necessary information might be missing or incorrect (e.g. book chapters categorized as journal articles).\u00a0 Check the information in each reference in your citation manager before you start citing them in your work.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Research First, Then Write<\/h3>\n<p>Many citation managers include a component that works with word processing software.\u00a0 Though you can usually alter your bibliography by inserting or removing a citation, it&#8217;s easier to collect all your references before you start writing.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Use One Document Per Project<\/h3>\n<p>If you&#8217;re working on a long piece of writing, like a book or dissertation, it may be tempting to save your chapters as several files.\u00a0 Unless you&#8217;re using end notes that are numbered anew with each chapter, resist this temptation.\u00a0 Combining citations from different files can be tricky when you&#8217;re using a citation feature from your bibliographic manager.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Know the (Citation) Rules<\/h3>\n<p>It helps to know the basic citation format of the style you&#8217;re using, whether that&#8217;s APA style, MLA style, or something else altogether.\u00a0 This will help you to spot irregularities in your citations.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Choose the Same Tool for Collaboration<\/h3>\n<p>If you work in a research group, it&#8217;s wise for all group members to use the same bibliographic manager. This makes sharing easy.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"writing-support\">Writing Support on Campus<\/h2>\n<p>The BU Libraries can help you navigate any of the citation tools and style guides listed here. For help or general library questions, please reach out via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/help-research-support\/ask-a-librarian\/\">Ask a Librarian<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>At times, we may refer you to other campus centers that specialize in tutoring, academic writing, or career preparedness. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/advising\/educational-resource-center\/\">the Educational Resource Center (ERC)<\/a> provides individual <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/advising\/educational-resource-center\/writing-assistance\/\">writing assistance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/advising\/educational-resource-center\/resource-guide\/writing-resources\/\">resources<\/a>, specialized help with topics like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/advising\/educational-resource-center\/presentation-prep\/\">presentation prep<\/a>, and more. All ERC services are free and available to all BU students.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"button-primary\" href=\"mailto:erc@bu.edu\">Email the ERC<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Phone<\/strong>: 617-353-7077<br \/>\n<strong>Address<\/strong>: 100 Bay State Rd., 5th Floor<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps?q=Yawkey+Center+for+Student+Services\/\">Get Directions<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common Citation Styles See below for guidance on common citation styles, as well as additional styles that you may be required to use depending on your program. However, there is no standard citation style at BU. Always check with your instructor or publisher for their preferred style. More Citation Styles Some fields and disciplines use [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1301,"featured_media":397,"parent":25,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1301"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5090,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions\/5090"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/397"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}