{"id":96895,"date":"2022-12-07T12:28:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-07T17:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/?post_type=bu-article&#038;p=96895"},"modified":"2026-02-02T16:20:00","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T21:20:00","slug":"denial-of-justice-for-trafficking-survivors","status":"publish","type":"bu-article","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2022\/denial-of-justice-for-trafficking-survivors\/","title":{"rendered":"Denial of Justice for Trafficking Survivors"},"content":{"rendered":"\t<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin record-block-editorial-leadin is-style-side-by-side has-media has-wider has-box has-media-focus-center-middle has-light-theme\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container-lockup\">\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-leadin-media\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1400\" height=\"2000\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"Two road signs in the desert read Do Not Enter and Wrong Way\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-445x636.jpg 445w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-717x1024.jpg 717w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-768x1097.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-578x826.jpg 578w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-477x682.jpg 477w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-722x1032.jpg 722w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-925x1321.jpg 925w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-241x344.jpg 241w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-370x529.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-482x688.jpg 482w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-741x1058.jpg 741w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-955x1364.jpg 955w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-1156x1652.jpg 1156w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/do-not-enter-road-sign-tim-mossholder-unsplash-700x1000.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin-caption wp-prepress-component-caption\">Photo by Tim Mossholder via Unsplash<\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wp-prepress-tag\">Research<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDenial of Justice for Trafficking Survivors\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"deck\">LAW\u2019s Professor Julie Dahlstrom and CAS\u2019s Professor Heba Gowayed report on data received from the Department of Homeland Security related to T visa applications for survivors of human trafficking.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar js-block-editorial-metabar record-prepress-layout-metabar\">\n\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-date\">December 7, 2022<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-credits\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-credit-type=\"By\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/authors\/lauren-eckenroth\/\">Lauren Eckenroth<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-share js-bu-prepress-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-action\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph record-block-editorial-introparagraph is-style-dropcap-boxed has-dropcap has-dropcap-color-secondary\"><div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph-content\"><p>When Congress passed the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/humantrafficking\/key-legislation\">Trafficking Victims Protection Act<\/a> in 2000, it was heralded as lifeline for immigrant survivors of human trafficking. The act created the T visa program, which was designed as a pathway to important protections for trafficking survivors by providing them with work authorization, eventual access to public benefits, a green card or permanent legal status, and the ability to petition for family members.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The T visa program has helped many people obtain immigration relief after surviving profound trauma, but it has been <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/homesec\/R46584.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">historically underutilized<\/a>. Although 5,000 T visas are available to survivors each year, generally fewer than 2,000 are granted. And when the Trump administration implemented restrictive policies related to T visa applications in 2018, denial rates began rising. That\u2019s when <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/julie-a-dahlstrom\/\" target=\"_blank\">Julie Dahlstrom<\/a>, clinical associate professor and director of the Immigrants\u2019 Rights &amp; Human Trafficking Program at School of Law, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/sociology\/category\/faculty-2\/heba-gowayed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Heba Gowayed<\/a>, Moorman-Simon Assistant Professor of Sociology at the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cas\/\" target=\"_blank\">College of Arts &amp; Sciences<\/a>, teamed up to examine the program. The project\u2014funded by a grant from the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/antiracism-center\/\" target=\"_blank\">BU Center for Antiracist Research<\/a>\u2014seeks to understand, two decades after the creation of the T visa, how the program is functioning. Is it working to protect those most vulnerable? Or, in fact, are there survivors who are unable to access the program?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dahlstrom and Gowayed spoke to <em>The Record<\/em> about their project and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/12\/AccessDenied_Final_120422.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">report they have written<\/a> based on some of their findings. <br><br>*<em>This interview has been edited for length and clarity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\"><div class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-title\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-title-heading\">Q<span>&amp;<\/span>A<\/h2><h4 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-title-subheading\">with Julie Dahlstrom (LAW) &amp; Heba Gowayed (CAS)<\/h4><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-question\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">The Record:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">How did you approach this research?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Dahlstrom:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">First, we conducted a survey of 196 legal practitioners, and we asked what they were seeing in terms of trends by the agency that\u2019s adjudicating these cases. Then we engaged in about 40 qualitative interviews with legal practitioners to understand what they perceived as the challenges that immigrant survivors were facing.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Gowayed:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">In those conversations, we asked these survivors what their lives were like before they left their country of origin, how they got to the United States, what their expectations had been for these jobs, which they thought were going to provide them with stable incomes but ended up being exploitative situations. I also spoke to survivors of sex trafficking who found themselves being exploited and abused by people they thought they could trust. The result of these experiences was that people ended up with a lot of trauma. Those conversations were really illuminating because they captured how, despite the existence of legal protections, the pathways to them can be long and arduous, particularly for people who are already marginalized, like women, non-white people, LGBTQ+ people.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Dahlstrom:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">In addition to that work, we sought access to data not previously available from US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the agency that decides T visa applications. To date, USCIS has released limited information about the T visa program. So, in 2020, I submitted two Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to USCIS seeking information about denials, requests for evidence, rejections, and about other practices by the agency.<br><br>When we did not receive a response with data for about two years, Professor Gowayed and I filed a request for expedited processing and a federal FOIA lawsuit against the US Department of Homeland Security. Due to the litigation, we eventually <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/experiential-learning\/clinics\/immigrants-rights-human-trafficking-clinic\/foia-litigation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">obtained data that, until now, has not publicly been released<\/a>. We seek to make all the data available to advocates, researchers, and survivors.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-question\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">The Record:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">What is in the data that you received from the FOIA suits?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Dahlstrom:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">First, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/experiential-learning\/clinics\/immigrants-rights-human-trafficking-clinic\/foia-litigation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the data<\/a> shows us that the T visa program\u2014one intended to provide protections\u2014exposed some to greater risk of deportation. We obtained data about \u201cnotices to appear,\u201d the charging document that starts deportation proceedings in immigration court. During the Trump administration, there was a new policy in 2018 to issue notices to appear to applicants who were denied T visas. This policy was a dramatic departure from years of agency practice, which had been to encourage immigrant survivors to step forward and take no action on denied applications. As a result, immigrant survivors, if denied a T visa, were at great risk of removal. At the same time, advocates reported that the agency issued more requests for evidence and increased denials, exposing more survivors to a risk of deportation. As you can imagine, these practices left survivors terrified and afraid to step forward.<br><br>Over four years later, we still have little data about who was impacted by this policy. This is why the FOIA litigation was so important. We now know that 236 T visa applicants were issued notices to appear to place them in removal proceedings.<br><br>The data we obtained also shows how the agency made it harder for immigrant survivors to access the T visa program. There has been a significant increase in requests for evidence, and advocates reported that many of these requests were duplicative and overly cumbersome. It\u2019s significant because immigrant survivors of trafficking, as you can imagine, face profound challenges gathering evidence. They often experience trauma and fear reprisals from their perpetrator. For this reason, the legal standard is that they can submit \u201cany credible evidence\u201d of their victimization, and these rising requests for evidence signal that USCIS is not applying this standard across the board.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-stats record-block-bu-stats has-2-stats\"><figure class=\"wp-block-bu-stats-figure\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stats-row\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat record-block-bu-stat has-circle2-color-primary has-number-size-1\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-container-outer\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-container-inner\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-number\">>250%<\/div><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-text-post\">Increase in T visa denials from 2014 to 2019<\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" viewbox=\"0 0 100 100\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 100 100\" class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-svg\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-circle1\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"47\" style=\"stroke-dashoffset:302\"><\/circle><circle class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-circle2\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"47\" style=\"stroke-dashoffset:302\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat record-block-bu-stat has-circle2-color-primary has-number-size-1\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-container-outer\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-container-inner\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-number\">131%<\/div><div class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-text-post\">Increase in Requests for Evidence from 2018 to 2020<\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"100px\" height=\"100px\" viewbox=\"0 0 100 100\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 100 100\" class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-svg\" role=\"img\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-circle1\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"47\" style=\"stroke-dashoffset:302\"><\/circle><circle class=\"wp-block-bu-stat-circle2\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"47\" style=\"stroke-dashoffset:302\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-block-bu-stats-caption\"><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Gowayed:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">To me, the data that we received from the FOIA suits is indicative of how legal protections can be politicized and how tying an enforcement apparatus to our legal protections, particularly to our immigration protections, can be detrimental. It shows us that the logistics of accessing the law are just as important as the text of the law. And so long as there&#8217;s executive discretion over the logistics of accessing the law, it can be used politically.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-question\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">The Record:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">The Biden administration reversed the Trump administration\u2019s policy on notices to appear. How has that impacted the T visa process?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Dahlstrom:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">It\u2019s tremendously important in terms of signaling to immigrant survivors that they can feel safe filing for the T visa, and that stepping forward won\u2019t put them at greater risk of deportation. Yet, reverberations of former President\u2019s Trump\u2019s policy remain. Some survivors feel that a future administration might reinstate the policy. There is still uncertainty and fear.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Gowayed:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">We don&#8217;t have these numbers because you can&#8217;t see who doesn&#8217;t apply out of fear. But, if you&#8217;re undocumented and you&#8217;re applying for legal protection that might result in your being deported at the end of the process, that\u2019s a very different calculation. Even under the Biden administration, there are things that can be rectified about this policy\u2014such as its requirement to engage with law enforcement, which our interviews show does potentially dissuade people from participating, or the long times that it takes to actually secure the T visa\u2014that are shaping access to this support.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote alignwide has-image-focus-center-middle\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text\"><hr\/><div class=\"quote-sizing\">Data like this becomes fuel for social justice. When we do our work in isolation, without being able to see what others working toward the same thing are experiencing, it becomes much harder to organize around getting better access to legal resources for clients.<\/div><footer class=\"caption\">Professor Heba Gowayed, BU College of Arts &amp; Sciences<\/footer><hr\/><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-question\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">The Record:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">How does the FOIA data correspond to the data you gathered from the survey and qualitative interviews?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Gowayed:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/experiential-learning\/clinics\/immigrants-rights-human-trafficking-clinic\/foia-litigation\/\" target=\"_blank\">The FOIA data<\/a> corresponds pretty well to the data that we got from the survey and interviews with attorneys. What the FOIA data and the survey data both do is aggregate knowledge. The FOIA data gives us numbers. But the survey and interview data adds the experiences of survivors and perceptions of lawyers.<br><br>Data like this becomes fuel for social justice. When we do our work in isolation, without being able to see what others working toward the same thing are experiencing, it becomes much harder to organize around getting better access to legal resources for clients. It becomes much harder to advocate for better protections. And so, what these two sets of complimentary data show is that the access to this legal protection has been arduous, even prior to the Trump administration. And that the documentation that\u2019s required, and the expectations made of survivors in terms of how long they have been in the country or how they entered the country, continue to make the process difficult.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-question\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">The Record:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">What conclusions can you draw from the data you received and gathered?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Gowayed:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">For me, the thing that stands out is this issue of the denial of justice, even when the text of the law should afford justice and should afford support to those clients. The danger of that denial of justice is that with each individual person whose pathway to legal status is interrupted, that means that they\u2019re not able to work, they\u2019re afraid of accessing healthcare, they\u2019re afraid of accessing education, they\u2019re afraid of being too exposed, because all those things can result in deportation. This can negatively impact not only the individual but also their family, loved ones, and community.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a record-block-editorial-q-and-a has-secondary-theme\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-answer\"><span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-name\">Dahlstrom:<\/span> <span class=\"wp-block-editorial-q-and-a-content\">We see that the existence of protection itself\u2014the availability of the T visa\u2014is not sufficient alone to ensure that survivors have legal protection. All of this points to the importance of transparency. Without transparency, we can\u2019t see why the system is failing some applicants. We can\u2019t improve the system. We can\u2019t ensure that survivors, especially those most marginalized, can access this important legal avenue. And, as we can see from the data, the lives of survivors are at stake.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-editorial-aside record-block-editorial-aside has-secondary-background\">\n<h2 id=\"headline-0\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline\">Access Denied<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"headline-0\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline\">Barriers to Legal Protection for Immigrant Survivors of Human Trafficking<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a class=\"wp-block-button wp-block-bu-button record-block-button has-dark-theme icon-navigateright align-icon-left is-style-outline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/12\/AccessDenied_Final_120422.pdf\">read the report<\/a><\/p>\n<\/aside>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Julie Dahlstrom, clinical associate professor and director of the Immigrants\u2019 Rights &#038; Human Trafficking Program at School of Law, and Heba Gowayed, Moorman-Simon Assistant Professor of Sociology at the College of Arts &#038; Sciences seek to understand, two decades after the creation of the T visa, how the program is functioning. Is it working to protect those most vulnerable? Or, in fact, are there survivors who are unable to access the program?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11260,"featured_media":96903,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"bu_prepress_billboard":"{\"post_id\":96304,\"hed\":\"Finding People Homes in Places that Need People\",\"dek\":\"Next Article\",\"class\":\"wp-block-editorial-billboard record-block-editorial-billboard has-dark-overlay has-media\",\"backgroundId\":\"96319\",\"backgroundUrl\":\"\\\/law\\\/files\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/Yanguas-Spain-Street-970x456.jpg\",\"backgroundType\":\"image\",\"backgroundOpacity\":\"100\"}","_bu_prepress_primary_term":"Research","_bu_prepress_primary_term_manual":""},"tags":[2337,1333],"bu-publication":[3742],"record-article-category":[3749,3751,3769,3768,4135,3786],"record-topic":[],"bu_edition":[],"media_type":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96895"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bu-article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11260"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96895"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96895\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":122686,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96895\/revisions\/122686"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96895"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96895"},{"taxonomy":"bu-publication","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-publication?post=96895"},{"taxonomy":"record-article-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-article-category?post=96895"},{"taxonomy":"record-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-topic?post=96895"},{"taxonomy":"bu_edition","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu_edition?post=96895"},{"taxonomy":"media_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media_type?post=96895"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}