{"id":96742,"date":"2022-12-05T07:10:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T12:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/?post_type=bu-article&#038;p=96742"},"modified":"2024-01-02T15:34:53","modified_gmt":"2024-01-02T20:34:53","slug":"a-place-for-everyone","status":"publish","type":"bu-article","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2022\/a-place-for-everyone\/","title":{"rendered":"A Place for Everyone"},"content":{"rendered":"\t<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin record-block-editorial-leadin is-style-text-over-image has-media has-media-focus-center-middle has-text-position-x-center has-dark-theme\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container-lockup\">\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-leadin-media\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2.jpg\" class=\"has-background-opacity has-background-opacity-80\" alt=\"A gold sparkly background with 150 in bronze text\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-636x424.jpg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-992x661.jpg 992w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1000x667.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-1984x1322.jpg 1984w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-900x600.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/150-graphic-2-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wp-prepress-tag\">Legal History<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA Place for Everyone\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"deck\">Over its 150-year history, BU Law has been home to trailblazers who have made their mark on the law and the world.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar record-prepress-layout-metabar\">\n\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-date\">December 5, 2022<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-credits\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-credit-type=\"By\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/authors\/rebecca-beyer\/\">Rebecca Beyer<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-share js-bu-prepress-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-action\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph record-block-editorial-introparagraph is-style-dropcap-boxed has-dropcap has-dropcap-color-primary\"><div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph-content\"><p>In the early 1890s, a man named Owen Young applied and was accepted to Harvard Law School. But when the son of farmers informed the Cambridge institution that he would need to work while earning his law degree, his acceptance was rescinded. Harvard, in that era, was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecrimson.com\/article\/1932\/4\/12\/the-degree-of-a-gentleman-pclaiming\/\">a place for gentlemen<\/a>. And gentlemen apparently didn\u2019t need jobs.&nbsp;<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarright\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Owen D. Young (Class of 1896)\" class=\"wp-image-96751\" width=\"342\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-424x636.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-551x826.jpg 551w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-455x682.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-688x1032.jpg 688w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-229x344.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-353x529.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-459x688.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-705x1058.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young-667x1000.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Owen-D-Young.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><figcaption>Owen D. Young, Class of 1896<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>At Boston University School of Law, Young\u2019s admission came with a personal offer from Assistant Dean Samuel Bennett (1882) to work in the library. BU Law had created the three-year model of legal education, but Young graduated in two and then went on to implement worker-friendly policies as chairman of General Electric, serve five presidents in various capacities, and head up negotiations with Germany on the question of the country\u2019s reparations following World War I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fortunately for Young (1896, Hon.\u201946)\u2014and the world\u2014BU Law was a place for everyone. Since its founding in 1872, the Boston Law School, as it was known at the time, had admitted men\u2014and women\u2014of all races and religious backgrounds. Did Bennett know, when he welcomed Young into the Class of 1896, that his student would go on to make history? Probably not. It\u2019s hard to know how the future will reflect on the present once it becomes the past. It\u2019s more likely that what Bennett and the other founders of BU Law knew was that <em>not<\/em> admitting certain people\u2014because they were women or because they were poor or because they were Black\u2014would foreclose even the chance that they would go on to make history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBoston University School of Law was remarkable because it was much more open\u201d than other law schools at the time, says Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/david-j-seipp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">David J. Seipp<\/a>, a scholar of legal history and the unofficial historian of BU Law. \u201cWe were willing to offer an academically rigorous program to any student of whatever background.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That openness was a first step toward making the legal profession more diverse, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2020\/building-a-more-diverse-legal-profession\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a goal that the school is still working toward today<\/a>. It also made BU Law a place for trailblazers whose groundbreaking ideas\u2014about race and gender and equality and innovation\u2014continue to be discussed and debated today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"headline-3\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline is-style-emphasis-color\"><strong>Toward More Just Juries<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1883, thirteen years before Young graduated from BU Law, Wilford Smith, a Black man from Mississippi, earned his law degree at the school and then opened a thriving practice helping Civil War veterans with their pension applications in his home state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarleft\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"495\" height=\"650\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Wilford-H-Smith.jpg\" alt=\"Wilford H. Smith\" class=\"wp-image-96768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Wilford-H-Smith.jpg 495w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Wilford-H-Smith-484x636.jpg 484w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Wilford-H-Smith-262x344.jpg 262w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Wilford-H-Smith-403x529.jpg 403w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><figcaption>Wilford H. Smith, Class of 1883<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Smith\u2019s reputation as a leading litigator began with a murder trial in 1900. Representing defendant Seth Carter, he became the third Black attorney to argue before the US Supreme Court and, when the court dismissed the indictment against Carter because no Black people had been selected for the grand jury proceedings, the first to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAs a scholar who studies racial and linguistic discrimination in jury selection, I had long known of the Supreme Court case <em>Carter v. Texas<\/em>, which held that states violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when they exclude people on the basis of race or color from serving as grand jurors,\u201d says Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/jasmine-gonzales-rose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jasmine Gonzales Rose<\/a>. Although the case was not the first to successfully challenge grand jury discrimination, \u201cit was an important win for jury justice and for diversity and inclusion in the [Supreme Court] bar.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And Smith wasn\u2019t finished. He would go on to argue another US Supreme Court case, <em>Giles v. Harris<\/em>, which challenged a new provision of the Alabama Constitution that reduced the number of eligible Black voters in the state from nearly 200,000 to about 3,000. (The work was so sensitive that Smith and Booker T. Washington, who funded the litigation, used code names to correspond about it.) Smith lost <em>Giles<\/em> in a decision that one law review article described as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/repository.law.umich.edu\/mlr\/vol107\/iss5\/4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">controversial and convoluted<\/a>\u201d and another called the \u201cfocal point\u201d for \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.umn.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1903&amp;context=concomm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(anti-)democracy in American constitutional law<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHe was coming up against a system that was so stacked against him, he could do everything right and still he was not necessarily going to get anywhere,\u201d says Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/gerald-f-leonard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gerald F. Leonard<\/a>, an expert in constitutional law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because jurors are selected in part through voting records, Smith\u2019s <em>Carter<\/em> and <em>Giles<\/em> cases were tied up in the same broader effort to protect the rights of people of color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1979, another BU Law graduate and longtime professor, Paul J. Liacos (CAS\u201950, LAW\u201952, Hon.\u201996), then a justice on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, played his own part in that ongoing effort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarright\"><figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"636\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-440x636.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Liacos\" class=\"wp-image-96765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-440x636.jpg 440w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-709x1024.jpg 709w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-768x1109.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-572x826.jpg 572w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-472x682.jpg 472w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-714x1032.jpg 714w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-238x344.jpg 238w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-366x529.jpg 366w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-476x688.jpg 476w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-732x1058.jpg 732w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos-692x1000.jpg 692w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Paul-Liacos.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption>Hon. Paul J. Liacos (CAS\u201950, LAW\u201952, Hon.\u201996)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>That year, Liacos wrote a groundbreaking opinion, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/massachusetts\/supreme-court\/1981\/384-mass-149-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Commonwealth v. Soares<\/a><\/em>, that forbid the \u201cuse of peremptory challenges to exclude prospective jurors solely by virtue of their membership in, or affiliation with, particular, defined groupings in the community,\u201d as outlined in the Equal Rights Amendment of the Massachusetts Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Soares opinion was later cited by the US Supreme Court in its 1986 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1985\/84-6263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Batson v. Kentucky<\/a><\/em> decision. Following <em>Batson<\/em>, jury cases became more about intentional discrimination against jurors. But, in <em>Soares<\/em>, Liacos took a broader approach, Leonard says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<em>Batson<\/em> starts with race and then grudgingly moves to gender, and, as far as I know, the [US Supreme] Court has gone no further than that,\u201d Leonard says. \u201cWhereas Liacos from the start says impartiality means a cross-section of the community, and that means a lot of categories.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 20 years on the bench, Liacos was reportedly proudest of the <em>Soares<\/em> decision, which, according to Thomas F. Reilly, then attorney general of Massachusetts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/person\/paul-j-liacos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">who spoke at Liacos\u2019 2000 memorial<\/a>, \u201cmade a visionary observation about decisionmaking in a democracy\u201d: namely, that true impartiality depends on a diversity of opinions since everyone has some biases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ruling \u201cwas issued at a time when racial tensions in the city of Boston were high and few public officials had taken an affirmative stand against racism,\u201d Reilly said at the memorial. \u201cIn that setting, the <em>Soares<\/em> decision became a powerful symbol.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"headline-2\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline is-style-emphasis-color\"><strong>Furthering the Fourteenth Amendment<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Around the time that Smith argued the <em>Giles<\/em> case at the US Supreme Court, a BU Law professor and former Massachusetts attorney general named Albert E. Pillsbury was trying to generate support for a federal anti-lynching law. In 1901, a bill he drafted was introduced in the US Senate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarleft\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"477\" height=\"636\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-477x636.jpg\" alt=\"Albert Pillsbury\" class=\"wp-image-96762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-477x636.jpg 477w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-620x826.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-512x682.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-774x1032.jpg 774w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-258x344.jpg 258w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-397x529.jpg 397w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-516x688.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-794x1058.jpg 794w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-750x1000.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Albert-Pillsbury.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><figcaption>Professor Albert Pillsbury<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The law was not the first proposed federal legislation to prohibit lynching nor was it the last: when President Biden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/03\/08\/1085094040\/senate-passes-anti-lynching-bill-and-sends-federal-hate-crimes-legislation-to-bi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">signed the Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act earlier this year<\/a>, the law\u2019s enactment came after more than 200 attempts in more than 120 years. Nevertheless, the bill Pillsbury worked on was the first \u201cthought to have a chance of passing,\u201d Seipp says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/1323748.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a 1902 <em>Harvard Law Review<\/em> article<\/a>, Pillsbury based his argument for the bill\u2019s passage on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which Smith had relied on in his jury and voting rights cases. Just a few years after Pillsbury\u2019s death in 1930, a BU Law alum named <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2022\/blanche-crozier-ahead-of-her-time\/\" target=\"_blank\">Blanche Crozier<\/a> proposed that the same amendment could\u2014and should\u2014be interpreted to protect another group from discrimination: women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crozier, whom Seipp has been researching recently, graduated cum laude in 1933 after serving as an editor of the <em>Boston University Law Review<\/em>. By November of that year, she was divorced. According to the decree granted to her husband by a probate court in Cambridge, it was Crozier\u2019s habit of typing early in the morning that doomed the marriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cpractice\u2026made [the husband] very nervous and constantly agitated,\u201d a newspaper reported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The practice also made Crozier a harbinger of the women\u2019s rights movement. Between 1933 and 1937, Crozier published a series of articles in the <em>BU Law Review<\/em> that advanced arguments for women\u2019s equality. One of those, the \u201cConstitutionality of Discrimination Based on Sex\u201d (15 <em>B.U. L. Rev.<\/em> 723), posited that discrimination against women was just as unconstitutional as discrimination against Black people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRace and sex are in every way comparable classes,\u201d Crozier wrote. \u201cAnd if exclusion in one case is a discrimination implying inferiority, it would seem that it must be in the other also.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-editorial-aside record-block-editorial-aside has-quinary-background alignfarright\">\n<h3 id=\"headline-4\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline\">Ahead of Her Time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>1933 BU Law graduate Blanche Crozier wrote a groundbreaking article about sex discrimination in the Boston University Law Review. Decades later, it found a powerful audience: civil rights leader Pauli Murray and future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a class=\"wp-block-button wp-block-bu-button record-block-button has-dark-theme icon-navigateright align-icon-left is-style-outline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2022\/blanche-crozier-ahead-of-her-time\/\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/aside>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/linda-c-mcclain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Linda C. McClain<\/a>, an expert in gender and law, says there is a connecting thread between Crozier\u2019s 1935 article and Ruth Bader Ginsburg\u2019s later description of the Constitution as an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/other\/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">empty cupboard<\/a>\u201d for women for much of US history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s a bit of that flavor\u201d in Crozier\u2019s piece, McClain says. \u201cThis article is really powerful in pointing out how, from the beginning, some feminists were saying abstract terms like \u2018liberty\u2019 and \u2018equality\u2019 should apply to us and the court just really didn\u2019t see it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crozier\u2019s article was decades ahead of its time, but her \u201cincisive thinking\u2026was not wasted; only delayed,\u201d according to Pauli Murray, another pathbreaking person with ties to BU Law, whose work served as a sort of bridge between Crozier and Ginsburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1965, Murray cowrote an article about sex discrimination and its relationship to racism that cited Crozier\u2019s work. Murray would in turn be credited by Ginsburg when the future US Supreme Court justice won her 1971 case, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1971\/70-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reed v. Reed<\/a><\/em>, which finally established that discrimination against women violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, just as Crozier had argued four decades earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarright\"><figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"477\" height=\"636\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-477x636.jpg\" alt=\"Pauli Murray\" class=\"wp-image-96764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-477x636.jpg 477w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-620x826.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-512x682.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-774x1032.jpg 774w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-258x344.jpg 258w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-397x529.jpg 397w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-516x688.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-794x1058.jpg 794w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-750x1000.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Pauli-Murray.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><figcaption>Professor Pauli Murray<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulimurraycenter.com\/pronouns-pauli-murray\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">who self-identified as a \u201che\/she personality\u201d in letters to family and for whom the Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice now uses he\/they pronouns for descriptions of Murray\u2019s early life and she\/her for later years<\/a>, was as forward-thinking as Crozier in multiple contexts. As a student at Howard University School of Law, Murray wrote a paper arguing that the \u201cseparate\u201d part of the US Supreme Court\u2019s \u201cseparate but equal\u201d doctrine from Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional; that argument later became the basis for <em>Brown v. Board of Education<\/em>. Murray was a close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, the author of a book on segregation laws that Thurgood Marshall referred to as \u201cthe Bible,\u201d a cofounder of the National Organization for Women, and, before her death in 1985, the first Black woman to be ordained an Episcopalian priest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McClain, who teaches Murray\u2019s work in her classes on feminist jurisprudence and gender equality law, says Murray was \u201cthere at so many pivotal moments in history.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray was also at BU Law. In 1972, she taught a course on civil rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cShe was quiet but dynamic,\u201d says Professor Emerita <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/frances-h-miller\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Frances H. Miller<\/a> (\u201965), who was a lecturer at the time. \u201cYou knew you were talking to someone who knew what she was talking about.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, Murray, like the handful of other women on the faculty at BU Law at the time, was relegated to the \u201cladies\u2019 section\u201d on the second floor of the tower, according to Miller. Although BU Law had admitted women since its founding a century earlier, there was only one woman on the full-time faculty in those years: Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/tamar-frankel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tamar Frankel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray wasn\u2019t on campus regularly\u2014she was also a full-time professor at Brandeis University\u2014and Miller wasn\u2019t aware then of the extent of Murray\u2019s contributions to the civil and women\u2019s rights movements. But it is likely that another BU Law graduate, Clarence B. Jones (\u201959), was.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jones was working in Los Angeles as an entertainment lawyer when Martin Luther King, Jr. (GRS\u201955, Hon.\u201959) visited him at home to ask him to join his legal team. Jones was reluctant, but King was determined and applied a full-court press. Soon, Jones became one of the civil rights leader\u2019s closest advisors. He helped to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.drclarencebjonesinstitute.org\/about-us\/dr-jones-story\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">get King\u2019s \u201cLetter from Birmingham Jail\u201d to the public<\/a> and to organize the March on Washington where King delivered his iconic \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech, which Jones <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/08\/27\/214224111\/clarence-b-jones-a-guiding-hand-behind-i-have-a-dream\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">helped write<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/wtop.com\/national\/2019\/01\/the-dream-that-almost-never-was\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">had copyrighted<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Clarence B. Jones\" class=\"wp-image-96767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-636x477.jpg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-1101x826.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-909x682.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-459x344.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-705x529.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones-917x688.jpg 917w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Clarence-B-Jones.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Clarence B. Jones (\u201959)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray also played a role in the March on Washington. As described in the book <em>The Firebrand and the First Lady<\/em>, they\u2014and others\u2014protested the marginalization of women in the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Civil Rights Movement has since expanded to include advocacy for other historically marginalized groups\u2014including the LGBTQIA+ community that now claims Murray as its own\u2014and the Fourteenth Amendment that Pillsbury, Crozier, and Murray wielded has been a popular and powerful tool in those efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"headline-1\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline is-style-emphasis-color\"><strong>A Politician Brings the Constitution to Life<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Barbara Jordan (LAW\u201959, Hon.\u201969) was a product of the Civil Rights Movement\u2014she won her 1966 election to the Texas Senate in part because of redistricting required under the 1965 Voting Rights Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarright\"><figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"477\" height=\"636\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-477x636.jpg\" alt=\"Barbara Jordan\" class=\"wp-image-96763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-477x636.jpg 477w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-620x826.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-512x682.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-774x1032.jpg 774w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-258x344.jpg 258w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-397x529.jpg 397w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-516x688.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-794x1058.jpg 794w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-750x1000.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Barbara-Jordan.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><figcaption>Barbara Jordan (LAW\u201959, Hon.\u201969)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When she was elected to the US House of Representatives in 1972, Jordan was the first Black congresswoman from a southern state and one of the first two Black representatives in the post-Reconstruction era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI\u2019ll be one of 435,\u201d she said at the time, \u201cbut the 434 will know I\u2019m there.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jordan advocated for immigrants\u2019 rights, public schools, and legal aid, among other causes, but she came to national prominence during the impeachment of President Nixon. On the question of whether the Constitution applied to Nixon\u2019s conduct, Jordan\u2014who kept a copy of the Constitution in her purse\u2014offered a personal and historical account during a House Judiciary Committee hearing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u2026I was not included in that \u2018We the people\u2019\u2026 but through the process of amendment, interpretation, and court decision, I have finally been included\u2026,\u201d she said. \u201c\u2026My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution.\u2026If the impeachment provision in the Constitution of the United States will not reach the offenses charged here, then perhaps that 18th-century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th-century paper shredder.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her message was so powerful that one Houston man paid to display \u201cTHANK YOU, BARBARA JORDAN, FOR EXPLAINING THE CONSTITUTION TO US\u201d on 25 billboards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jordan went on to deliver a keynote address at the 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York. She received a three-minute standing ovation before speaking for 25 minutes in remarks that called for unity but also acknowledged the Democratic Party\u2019s past mistakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/jack-m-beermann\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jack M. Beermann<\/a>, who studies civil rights litigation, was a newly eligible voter at the time and watched Jordan\u2019s speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI remember being just blown away by how inspiring she was,\u201d he recalls, noting that Jordan viewed the Constitution as an aspirational document. \u201cThat\u2019s what Barbara Jordan did for her entire career: embark on the hard work of realizing the ideals of the US Constitution for all people.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jordan held Nixon to account for abusing the power of the presidency; a quarter-century later, Philip S. Beck (\u201976) made a name for himself in part as a member of the legal team that paved the way for George W. Bush to assume that office.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Philip Beck\" class=\"wp-image-96766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-636x477.jpg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-1101x826.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-909x682.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-459x344.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-705x529.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck-917x688.jpg 917w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Phil-Beck.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Philip S. Beck (\u201976)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Beck, who served as editor of the <em>BU Law Review<\/em>, is a well-known trial attorney who spent 16 years at Kirkland &amp; Ellis before forming his current firm, Bartlit Beck, in 1993. He was at home for Thanksgiving when his partner called him to tell him they had been hired to assist Bush in his ultimately successful effort to prevent a recount in Florida of disputed ballots in the 2000 election. The team ultimately won a ruling from the US Supreme Court that a recount would be unconstitutional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beck later <a href=\"https:\/\/www.superlawyers.com\/articles\/illinois\/the-regular-guy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">downplayed the significance of his role<\/a>\u2014\u201cI was briefly a minor celebrity for that small segment of the population that cares about politics,\u201d he said in a 2006 interview. But the public\u2019s\u2014and Vice President Al Gore\u2019s\u2014acceptance of the outcome in the case, which is still controversial, has been held up as an example of the importance of the rule of law in a democracy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"headline-4\" class=\"wp-block-editorial-headline record-block-editorial-headline is-style-emphasis-color\"><strong>The Power of a Law Degree<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At GE, Owen Young was a pioneer of what was known at the time as \u201cwelfare capitalism.\u201d He implemented a series of programs designed to improve the lives of his employees and their families, including pensions, profit sharing, mortgage loans, and life and unemployment insurance. He also advocated for what he called a \u201ccultural wage.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cNo man is free until want is removed from his door and until his intellect may be developed to take advantage of all the opportunities which may be available and are guaranteed to him in a free country,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discerningreaders.com\/review-owen-d-young-new-type-industrial-leader.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">he said in the 1920s<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within two years of his chairmanship, workers at GE were making 25 percent more than they had previously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cToday, he would be right in the midst of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party,\u201d says Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/david-i-walker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">David I. Walker<\/a>, an expert in business and corporate law. \u201cHe would probably be dismayed to see how little progress we have made on a social safety net.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What stands out most about Young is his \u201cability to move seamlessly\u201d between roles\u2014at law firms, at major corporations, in government\u2014while always prioritizing the public interest, Walker says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But, of course, when you open your doors to everyone\u2014as BU Law did at its founding, as a democracy does in every day of its existence\u2014you equip people to act on their best <em>and<\/em> worst intentions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Albert Pillsbury was a longtime ally of the Black Civil Rights Movement\u2014he was a founding member of the NAACP and a friend of W.E.B. Du Bois\u2014but when it came to equality, he drew the line at women. Pillsbury campaigned against women\u2019s suffrage and, upon his death, left significant contributions to several schools to \u201ccreate and develop sound public opinion against impairment of the family by taking women out of the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A law degree is a powerful tool. Young seemed to recognize the danger of that power even as he set out upon his own career.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1896, speaking as class orator, Young told his fellow graduates their duty was \u201cto use, not to abuse, the law.\u201d And fulfilling that duty is what so many BU Law students, alumni, and faculty have tried to do for 150 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because history repeats itself, all of the efforts described here\u2014on behalf of women and workers and people of color and democracy itself\u2014continue to this day. It can be overwhelming to contemplate how much history must still be endured before, as Crozier wrote in 1935, \u201cthe privileges which citizens enjoy might be expected to increase.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But Smith and Crozier and Murray and Jones did not just endure. Instead, in even the most trying of times, they engaged. Smith and Jones left successful private practices to devote their considerable legal talents to the Civil Rights Movement. Crozier had two daughters and published a novel before she went to BU Law, where she typed her way to a divorce as she developed one of the most influential legal arguments of the 20th century. In 1940, Murray became an advocate for Odell Waller, a Black man sentenced to die by an all-white jury for the shooting death of a white man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cLet each day count for something,\u201d Murray wrote in one letter to Waller. \u201cYou have no time to get blue and down. You have a stake in democracy also, and you must try to find the part you are playing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Murray took their own advice. Until then, they had contemplated becoming a writer, but, as they wrote to a friend, \u201cthe exigencies of the period have driven me into social action.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-end-of-article\">A few months later, they went to law school.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-496x636.jpg\" alt=\"The cover of the fall 2022 issue of The Record magazine: a bronze metallic page with the numbers &quot;150&quot; cut out, through which both color and black and white images are visible on a page underneath\" class=\"wp-image-96909\" width=\"136\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-496x636.jpg 496w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-768x985.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-1197x1536.jpg 1197w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-644x826.jpg 644w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-532x682.jpg 532w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-804x1032.jpg 804w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-1030x1321.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-268x344.jpg 268w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-412x529.jpg 412w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-536x688.jpg 536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-825x1058.jpg 825w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-1063x1364.jpg 1063w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-1288x1652.jpg 1288w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover-779x1000.jpg 779w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2022\/11\/Record-F22-cover.jpg 1414w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 136px) 100vw, 136px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<p>FEATURED IN<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2><em>The Record<\/em>, Fall 2022<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/news-stories\/issues\/fall-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">See all stories<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Did Assistant Dean Samuel Bennett know, when he welcomed Owen Young into the Class of 1896, that his student would go on to make history? Probably not. It\u2019s hard to know how the future will reflect on the present once it becomes the past.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11260,"featured_media":96741,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"bu_prepress_billboard":"{\"post_id\":96686,\"hed\":\"What&#8217;s Next?\",\"dek\":\"Next Article\",\"class\":\"wp-block-editorial-billboard record-block-editorial-billboard has-dark-overlay is-layout-align-right has-media\",\"backgroundId\":\"96690\",\"backgroundUrl\":\"\\\/law\\\/files\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/WhatsNext_TechLawFinal-970x456.jpg\",\"backgroundType\":\"image\",\"backgroundOpacity\":\"100\"}","_bu_prepress_primary_term":"Legal History","_bu_prepress_primary_term_manual":""},"tags":[4137,1811],"bu-publication":[3742],"record-article-category":[3918,3744,3770,3751,3765,3767,4135],"record-topic":[4292],"bu_edition":[],"media_type":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96742"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bu-article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11260"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96742"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97176,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/96742\/revisions\/97176"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96742"},{"taxonomy":"bu-publication","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-publication?post=96742"},{"taxonomy":"record-article-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-article-category?post=96742"},{"taxonomy":"record-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-topic?post=96742"},{"taxonomy":"bu_edition","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu_edition?post=96742"},{"taxonomy":"media_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media_type?post=96742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}