
{"id":79246,"date":"2021-05-17T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-17T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/?post_type=bu-article&#038;p=79246"},"modified":"2021-07-26T11:51:00","modified_gmt":"2021-07-26T15:51:00","slug":"corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose","status":"publish","type":"bu-article","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2021\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/","title":{"rendered":"Corporate America Rethinks its Purpose"},"content":{"rendered":"\t<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin record-block-editorial-leadin is-style-side-by-side has-media has-wider has-media-focus-center-middle\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container-lockup\">\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-leadin-media\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1991\" height=\"2560\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-scaled.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"An illustration of a woman holding a briefcase in one hand and in the other hand, a smaller figure of a man who holds a briefcase in one hand and in the other, a smaller figure of another woman\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-scaled.jpg 1991w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-495x636.jpg 495w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-796x1024.jpg 796w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-768x987.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1195x1536.jpg 1195w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1593x2048.jpg 1593w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-642x826.jpg 642w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-530x682.jpg 530w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-803x1032.jpg 803w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1027x1321.jpg 1027w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-268x344.jpg 268w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-411x529.jpg 411w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-535x688.jpg 535w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-823x1058.jpg 823w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1061x1364.jpg 1061w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1285x1652.jpg 1285w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1605x2064.jpg 1605w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/04\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-778x1000.jpg 778w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1991px) 100vw, 1991px\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin-caption wp-prepress-component-caption\">By Rebecca Beyer \u2726 Illustrations by Fatinha Ramos<\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wp-prepress-tag\">Feature<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorporate America <em>Rethinks its Purpose<\/em>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"deck\">The private sector looks beyond profits to satisfy stakeholders\u2014and shareholders\u2014who want to see progress on environmental and social issues.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar record-prepress-layout-metabar wp-prepress-component-metabar-hide\">\n\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-date\">May 17, 2021<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-credits\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-share js-bu-prepress-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-action\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<div id=\"top\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"aside-cta-trigger\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"aside-cta-waypoint\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"aside-cta-container-outer\">\n\t<div class=\"aside-cta-container-inner\">\n\t\t<a href=\"#sidebar\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"aside-cta-container-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4>Discussing a New Framework<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t<p>A BU Law &amp; Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism event<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"drop-cap\">W<\/span>hen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/scott-hirst\/\">Scott Hirst<\/a> was researching how large institutional investors vote on so-called social responsibility resolutions at corporations, he noticed something unusual. Opinion polls suggested that <a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/57VS-6JMR\">a majority of Americans<\/a> support corporate disclosure of political spending; but institutional investors\u2014especially the two largest, BlackRock and Vanguard, which many Americans invest with\u2014generally voted <em>against<\/em> shareholder proposals encouraging such disclosure. As a result, only one out of nearly a hundred proposals dealing with political activities passed in 2014, the year Hirst studied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAt the time, there was a significant disconnect between how the largest investment managers were voting on social responsibility resolutions and how their own investors likely felt about those subjects,\u201d explains Hirst, a BU Law associate professor of law.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although opinion polls from the time revealed how Americans in general felt about corporate political spending, investment managers did not conduct corresponding polls of their own investors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat did their own investors actually think?\u201d Hirst says. \u201cThat\u2019s a critical question, but they never actually asked the question.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image quote-inline-img\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/hirst-circle.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Scott Hirst\" title=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote has-image-focus-center-middle\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text hirst\"><hr><div class=\"quote-sizing\">\u201c&#8230;There was a significant disconnect between how the largest investment managers were voting on social responsibility resolutions and how their own investors likely felt about those subjects.\u201d<\/div><footer class=\"caption\"><p><strong>Scott Hirst<\/strong>, BU Law Associate Professor of Law<\/p><\/footer><hr><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The disconnect Hirst discovered is an example of the tension between shareholder capitalism and stakeholder capitalism, or the idea that a company exists solely to maximize profits versus the belief that a company can\u2014and should\u2014do more for society at large. Today, that tension is more apparent than ever in the United States, as activists have increasingly turned to the private sector to take on some of the most pressing issues of our time, including climate change, systemic racism, and widespread income inequality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Things have changed since Hirst <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773367\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">published his social responsibility resolution findings<\/a>. In recent years, the largest institutional investors\u2014including BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street Global Advisors\u2014have taken a more active role on such resolutions, also known as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) measures. In 2017, for instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/execcomp.org\/News\/NewsStories\/vanguard-steps-up-support-for-gender-diversity-esg-proposals-in-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">State Street and Vanguard<\/a> increased pressure for greater gender diversity on corporate boards. Last year, BlackRock Chair Larry Fink told clients and CEOs \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackrock.com\/corporate\/investor-relations\/blackrock-client-letter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sustainability should be our new standard for investing<\/a>,\u201d and, after the police killing of George Floyd, Fink <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/our-actions-advance-racial-equity-inclusion-larry-fink\/?trackingId=SiuvSpn%2FrhyltZLN8Ymv3w%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">announced new metrics for diversity and inclusion in BlackRock\u2019s own ranks<\/a>. Still, the debate over the role companies should play in social and environmental matters continues, and Hirst and other Boston University faculty and alumni are shining a light on how things are changing and why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Power Struggle<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>People expect companies to do more than make money. One very public recognition of that reality came in 2019, when Business Roundtable, an organization of chief executive officers from leading US companies, <a href=\"https:\/\/opportunity.businessroundtable.org\/ourcommitment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">issued a statement redefining the purpose of a corporation<\/a>. For decades, Business Roundtable had taken the \u201cshareholder primacy\u201d approach to corporate governance. Under that view, corporations exist primarily to serve shareholders who, in theory, care mostly about the value of the stocks they own. But, in 2019, Business Roundtable instead adopted what it called a more \u201cmodern standard for corporate responsibility,\u201d one that commits companies to serving not just shareholders but all their \u201cstakeholders,\u201d including customers, employees, suppliers, communities, and the environment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image profile-circle-img\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/condon-circle.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Madison Condon\"><figcaption><p><strong>Madison Condon<\/strong>, BU Law Associate Professor of Law<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image profile-mini-img\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/condon-mini.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Madison Condon\"><figcaption><p><strong>Madison Condon<\/strong>, BU Law Associate Professor of Law<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The former chief executive officer of Vanguard and the president of the progressive Ford Foundation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessroundtable.org\/business-roundtable-redefines-the-purpose-of-a-corporation-to-promote-an-economy-that-serves-all-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">endorsed the statement<\/a>, but others were skeptical, especially because the statement came just as the interests of shareholders and stakeholders seemed to be converging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/madison-condon\/\">Madison Condon<\/a>, an associate professor of law at BU Law, points to the example of Royal Dutch Shell, which, in 2018, announced it would reduce its carbon footprint 20 percent by 2035 and 50 percent by 2050. The announcement was an about-face for the company, which had dismissed emission-reduction targets just months before, and came after pressure from Climate Action 100+, a group of more than 500 investors around the world who collectively manage nearly $50 trillion in assets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Against that backdrop, Condon <a href=\"http:\/\/bostonreview.net\/science-nature\/madison-condon-climate-change\u2019s-new-ally-big-finance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wrote in the <em>Boston Review<\/em><\/a> over the summer, one interpretation of Business Roundtable\u2019s 2019 statement is that the organization, \u201chistorically devoted to the interests of executives, is seeking to disempower and ignore shareholders at a time when the largest investors have been pushing an aggressive climate agenda.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Business Roundtable\u2019s statement also preceded rule changes from the US Department of Labor under the Trump administration that make it more difficult to invest based on ESG criteria; one rule, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/articles\/labor-department-approves-rule-that-will-chill-esg-investing-51604093186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">finalized in October 2020<\/a>, bans the use of ESG funds as a default alternative for 401(k) plans and calls on plan sponsors to choose investments solely based on financial factors. The department <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/sites\/dolgov\/files\/ebsa\/laws-and-regulations\/laws\/erisa\/statement-on-enforcement-of-final-rules-on-esg-investments-and-proxy-voting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">announced in March 2021<\/a> that the rule is inconsistent with Biden administration environmental policies and may be rescinded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Condon says the statement and the Labor Department rule are part of a broader \u201cpushback against shareholder power.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt really does question who is in a better position to say what\u2019s best for stakeholders, if giving stakeholders themselves a voice is off the table,\u201d Condon explains. \u201cShareholders? Or management?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Shareholders as Stewards<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>But even if Business Roundtable <em>were<\/em> trying to limit investors\u2019 ability to make meaningful changes at the companies they own, there is a growing consensus that the ship of shareholder engagement on ESG issues has sailed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sullivanlaw.com\/professionals-Angela-Gomes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Angela Gomes<\/a> (CAS\u201901, LAW\u201905), a partner at Sullivan &amp; Worcester in Boston, says her corporate clients have been making ESG disclosures in their proxy statements for the past several years, even though doing so hasn\u2019t\u2014in most cases\u2014been required by the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Some clients even go a step further by preparing separate \u201csustainability reports\u201d or emphasizing board members\u2019 diversity by adding characteristics such as race, gender identity, or sexual orientation into their bios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI think this has moved from being just another investor demand to something companies\u2014at least, the ones who signed on to the [Business Roundtable statement]\u2014appear to be actually owning in the name of good business practice,\u201d Gomes says.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image quote-inline-img\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/gomes-circle.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Angela Gomes\" title=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote has-image-focus-center-middle\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text gomes\"><hr><div class=\"quote-sizing\">\u201cI think this has moved from being just another investor demand to something companies\u2026appear to be actually owning in the name of good business practice.\u201d<\/div><footer class=\"caption\"><p><strong>Angela Gomes (CAS\u201901, LAW\u201905)<\/strong>, Partner at Sullivan &amp; Worcester, Boston<\/p><\/footer><hr><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, investors aren\u2019t waiting on corporations to make ESG changes voluntarily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The steps taken by Climate Action 100+, Condon argues in a <em>Washington Law Review<\/em> article, go against decades of corporate governance theory that assumes shareholders are motivated purely by profits and that diversified investors are not well suited to closely monitor companies\u2019 behavior. But under another theory\u2014the \u201cuniversal owner\u201d theory\u2014ESG activism on climate change makes sense, she argues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTheoretically, if you have a fund that owns the whole economy, it will behave as a steward of the economy because it cares about the growth of its portfolio as a whole,\u201d Condon explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Large, institutional investors like those that comprise Climate Action 100+ are universal owners. They \u201chave massive portfolios broadly diversified across the entire economy,\u201d she writes in her piece \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.uw.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=5103&amp;context=wlr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Externalities and the Common Owner<\/a>.\u201d \u201cIt is in their financial self-interest to take action to reduce global emissions, including those generated by the publicly traded fossil-fuel companies in which they invest.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"end-of-read\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1714\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-79375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-636x426.jpg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1536x1029.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-2048x1372.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1200x804.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-992x664.jpg 992w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1500x1005.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1920x1286.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-500x335.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1000x670.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1984x1329.jpg 1984w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-1493x1000.jpg 1493w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/BOSTON-UNIVERSITY_THE-RECORD-Fatinha-Ramos_INSIDE-450x300.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Market-Moving Millennials<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/david-h-webber\/\">David H. Webber<\/a>, associate dean for intellectual life and professor of law at BU Law, has another way of explaining institutional investors\u2019 more aggressive stance on ESG matters and the about-face performed by Business Roundtable: young people.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Webber started his career at a law firm defending companies that faced shareholder litigation before realizing \u201cI\u2019d rather be suing my clients than representing them.\u201d He did that for a while, too\u2014an experience that helped form the basis of his 2018 book about how workers can use their shareholder power to advance worker interests, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674972131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder: Labor\u2019s Last Best Weapon<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In his latest work, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3439516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Shareholder Value(s): Index Fund ESG Activism and the New Millennial Corporate Governance<\/a>,\u201d published in the <em>Southern California Law Review<\/em>, Webber and two coauthors at the University of Virginia School of Law argue that millennials\u2014who stand to inherit what BlackRock\u2019s Fink has called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blackrock.com\/americas-offshore\/en\/2019-larry-fink-ceo-letter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the largest transfer of wealth in history<\/a>\u201d from baby boomers\u2014are responsible for the recent ESG activism of index funds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The funds are \u201clocked in a fierce contest to win the soon-to-accumulate assets of the millennial generation, who place a significant premium on social issues in their economic lives,\u201d the authors write.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image quote-inline-img\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/webber-circle.png\" alt=\"Illustration of David H. Webber\" title=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote has-image-focus-center-middle\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text webber\"><hr\/><div class=\"quote-sizing\">\u201c\u2026What\u2019s going on is this massive millennial generation is on the threshold of inheriting as much as <span>$<\/span>30 trillion and they have very different attitudes compared to baby boomers and Gen X. The fight is on now to win their money for investment.\u201d<\/div><footer class=\"caption\"><strong><p>David H. Webber<\/strong>, BU Law Associate Dean for Intellectual Life &amp; Professor of Law<\/p><\/footer><hr\/><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, as Webber explains: \u201cI don\u2019t think suddenly Business Roundtable cares about things they didn\u2019t care about the day before. What\u2019s going on is this massive millennial generation is on the threshold of inheriting as much as $30 trillion and they have very different attitudes compared to baby boomers and Gen X. The fight is on now to win their money for investment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Pursuing Public Good through the Private Sector<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Like it or not, there\u2019s a long history of capital\u2019s capacity to bring about social change, and that seems likely to continue.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/silvio-tavares-455b8248\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Silvio Tavares<\/a> (\u201997) knows the power of capital personally. Tavares is president and CEO of the CardLinx Association and a board director at NASDAQ-listed CSG, a public company that provides payment services. When he was an undergraduate student at Tufts University in the late 1980s, officials gave in to his and other students\u2019 demands that the school divest its holdings in businesses operating in apartheid South Africa.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image profile-circle-img\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/tavares-circle.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Silvio Tavares\"><figcaption><p><strong>Silvio Tavares (\u201997)<\/strong>, President and CEO of the CardLinx Association and a CSG Board Director<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image profile-mini-img\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/tavares-mini.png\" alt=\"Illustration of Silvio Tavares\"><figcaption><p><strong>Silvio Tavares (\u201997)<\/strong>, President and CEO of the CardLinx Association and a CSG Board Director<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cGuess what? It worked,\u201d Tavares recalls, noting that Nelson Mandela, anti-apartheid activist and president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, later acknowledged the role divestment played in bringing about the end of apartheid. \u201cMy point is that shareholders have the right to buy or sell shares and will make decisions about where they want to place their capital that reflect their values. That\u2019s the way it\u2019s supposed to work. Companies are hardwired to listen to the requests of their shareholders.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tavares, who has discussed the ESG goals of racial and gender diversity on a podcast created by CardLinx, says pitting profits against social and environmental goals often sets up a \u201cfalse choice.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEvery major study shows that, over the long term, ESG goals and shareholder profits align very well,\u201d he says, pointing to research that ESG-focused investments lead to more favorable returns (an S&amp;P Global Market Intelligence report last year <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/marketintelligence\/en\/news-insights\/latest-news-headlines\/esg-funds-outshine-s-p-500-fed-has-still-more-bazookas-58027460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">found that 12 out of 17 ESG-focused funds outperformed the S&amp;P 500 in the first quarter of 2020)<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, in the short term, Tavares acknowledges, there can be trade-offs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe have this quarterly reporting system for public companies to share results every three months, and that can force short-term thinking rather than long-term value creation,\u201d he says. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If some trade-offs are inevitable, how much income are investors willing to forgo for greater social responsibility? That\u2019s the question Hirst and two coauthors at Tel Aviv University set out to answer in a new experiment regarding socially responsible investment. In the study, approximately 300 participants are given hypothetical investment accounts and asked to choose between investing in a portfolio of \u201csocially responsible\u201d corporations that earns lower returns or investing in a \u201cgeneral portfolio\u201d that earns higher returns. Hirst and his coauthors simulate higher returns to investors with cash bonuses and social responsibility with donations to charities. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re trying to understand how much investors really care about these issues,\u201d Hirst says. \u201cWhere social responsibility involves sacrificing potential income, how would investors like corporations to respond to that trade-off?\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Engaging the Government<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if every investor were willing to risk their retirement savings to make the world a better place (and every company willing to play along), most experts agree the private sector is not the ideal forum for bringing about social change.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEven Climate Action 100+, which I think is really admirable, is troubling,\u201d Condon says. \u201cThe concentration of power is very strange. They\u2019re behaving like political entities with no political accountability.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tavares agrees.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere is a danger in thinking about corporations as more than economic animals,\u201d he says. \u201cWe have other mechanisms in society for addressing social objectives and social causes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The only problem? Those mechanisms don\u2019t always work either. So far, government officials in the US and around the world have failed to tackle existential and systemic problems like climate change, racism, and inequality at the scale necessary to achieve meaningful results. Too often, social and environmental goals go in and out of favor depending on which political party is in power: former President Trump reversed most of former President Obama\u2019s efforts on such issues; President Biden has promised to reverse Trump.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Webber is trying to put an end to what he calls the \u201cpolitical football\u201d in this context. In the runup to the 2020 presidential election, he met with congressional representatives to talk about potential new laws or regulations that would\u2014perhaps permanently\u2014enhance investors\u2019 ability to pursue ESG investing. That way, no matter who\u2019s running the government, shareholders can have a say in shaping the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cExisting laws were written and interpreted to govern a world of maximizing shareholder returns to the exclusion of everything else,\u201d says Webber. \u201cBut companies have changed. Investors have changed. The law is going to have to keep up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Until then, it\u2019s clear that environmental and social justice advocates will continue using the markets as a lever for change. Case in point: this spring, Condon, whose work focuses on the \u201cE\u201d in ESG, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/about\/offices\/registrar\/course-descriptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">taught a new seminar<\/a> that examines, among other trends, municipalities\u2019 failure to adopt climate-adaptation strategies (such as flood-control measures) until that failure, in the form of downgraded bond ratings, affects their ability to raise money. Condon says the divide between the public and private sectors in the United States is \u201cporous,\u201d a reality traditional environmental law scholarship has downplayed or ignored for too long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-end-of-article\">\u201cWe live in a capitalist country,\u201d she says. \u201cIf the private sector isn\u2019t prepared for climate change, then we aren\u2019t prepared for climate change.<strong>\u201d<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"sidebar\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"wp-block-editorial-aside record-block-editorial-aside\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left\">A Framework for American Workers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">For 40 years, US economic policy and business practices have benefited the wealthy at the expense of the worker. The approach has led to stagnant wages for the middle and lower classes amidst rising costs for healthcare, housing, and education\u2014problems exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image cta-img-xs\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-assets\/articles\/corporate-america-rethinks-its-purpose\/images\/cta-img.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">In this context, the Coalition for Inclusive Capitalism, a nonprofit confederation of CEOs and global leaders (including Pope Francis) that advocates for more inclusive and sustainable economic systems, released its <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coalitionforinclusivecapitalism.com\/workers\/#:~:text=Developed%20by%20a%20diverse%20Commission,at%20the%20core%20of%20an\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Framework for Inclusive Capitalism: A New Compact for Business, Government &amp; American Workers<\/a><\/em>. To mark the publication of the report, which recommends policies and practices that will help create a more fair and just economy, BU Law hosted a panel of leading experts in labor law and economic policy to examine how institutional investors can increase the influence of worker voices in the corporate sphere and promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workforce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Professor David Webber, who contributed to the framework, organized and moderated the discussion. Topics ranged from proxy voting guidelines and other tactics that promote racial and gender equity on corporate boards and hold companies accountable to racial equity commitments, unionization and the power of collective action, and the false dichotomy of ESG measures and market returns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">\u201cThe institutional investor voice is essential&#8230;as a way of conveying to the government and the public at large that there is a business interest in addressing issues of fairness, of racial inclusion,\u201d says Thea Lee, president of the Economic Policy Institute. \u201cWhen institutional investors raise their voices to say, \u2018This is in our interest, also, to have rules of the game that are fair\u2019&#8230;it\u2019s something that allows policymakers to see things a little bit differently, to open their minds a little bit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Leo Strine, of counsel in the corporate department at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &amp; Katz and former chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, stressed the need to embrace stakeholder governance and, he said, to \u201cmake sure that employee factors are clearly a part of ESG disclosures. There\u2019s no company that can be a good citizen unless it\u2019s good to the people that work for it.\u201d&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=08FLqcqN38Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Click here to watch the full conversation<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<a href=\"#top\" class=\"button\">Back to Top<\/a><\/aside>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:24% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/news-stories\/issues\/spring-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"791\" height=\"1024\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The Record, spring 2021\" class=\"wp-image-79416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-492x636.jpg 492w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-638x826.jpg 638w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-527x682.jpg 527w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-798x1032.jpg 798w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-1021x1321.jpg 1021w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-266x344.jpg 266w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-409x529.jpg 409w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-532x688.jpg 532w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-818x1058.jpg 818w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-1054x1364.jpg 1054w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-1277x1652.jpg 1277w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-773x1000.jpg 773w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover-335x435.jpg 335w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/05\/LAW-Record-S21-cover.jpg 1487w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 791px) 100vw, 791px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>FEATURED IN:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>The Record,<br>Spring 2021<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/news-stories\/issues\/spring-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">See all stories<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When Scott Hirst was researching how large institutional investors vote on so-called social responsibility resolutions at corporations, he noticed something unusual.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10779,"featured_media":79647,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"bu_prepress_billboard":"","_bu_prepress_primary_term":"Feature","_bu_prepress_primary_term_manual":""},"tags":[2330],"bu-publication":[3742],"record-article-category":[3918,3744,3751,3765,3771],"record-topic":[],"bu_edition":[],"media_type":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/79246"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bu-article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10779"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79246"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/79246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82990,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/79246\/revisions\/82990"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79647"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=79246"},{"taxonomy":"bu-publication","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-publication?post=79246"},{"taxonomy":"record-article-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-article-category?post=79246"},{"taxonomy":"record-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-topic?post=79246"},{"taxonomy":"bu_edition","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu_edition?post=79246"},{"taxonomy":"media_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media_type?post=79246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}