{"id":78526,"date":"2021-04-01T11:49:31","date_gmt":"2021-04-01T15:49:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/?post_type=bu-article&#038;p=78526"},"modified":"2022-02-09T09:24:03","modified_gmt":"2022-02-09T14:24:03","slug":"alan-feld-ruling-limits-holocaust-art-claims","status":"publish","type":"bu-article","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2021\/alan-feld-ruling-limits-holocaust-art-claims\/","title":{"rendered":"US Limits Cases Seeking Restitution of Art Seized in the Holocaust"},"content":{"rendered":"\t<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin record-block-editorial-leadin is-style-emphasis-on-text has-media has-box has-media-focus-center-middle has-primary-theme\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container-lockup\">\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-leadin-media\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-scaled.jpeg\" class=\"\" alt=\"Altar from the Guelph Treasure\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-636x477.jpeg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1101x826.jpeg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-909x682.jpeg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1376x1032.jpeg 1376w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1761x1321.jpeg 1761w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-459x344.jpeg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-705x529.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-917x688.jpeg 917w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1411x1058.jpeg 1411w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1819x1364.jpeg 1819w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1333x1000.jpeg 1333w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Portable_Altar_of_Countess_Gertrude_shortly_after_1038_from_the_Guelph_Treasure_German_Lower_Saxony_gold_enamel_porphyry_gems_pearls_niello_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08528-1600x1200.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin-caption wp-prepress-component-caption\">An altar from the Guelph Treasure at the Cleveland Museum of Art.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-inner has-opacity-60\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wp-prepress-tag\">LAW Reviews<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>US Limits Cases Seeking Restitution of Art Seized in the Holocaust<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"deck\">In <em>Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp<\/em>, the Supreme Court limited the ability of foreign parties to bring lawsuits in US forums, closing courts to a significant class of potential Holocaust cases.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar record-prepress-layout-metabar\">\n\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-date\">April 1, 2021<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-credits\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-credit-type=\"By\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/authors\/alan-feld\/\">Alan Feld<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-share js-bu-prepress-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-action\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph record-block-editorial-introparagraph is-style-dropcap-default has-dropcap has-dropcap-color-primary\"><div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph-content\"><p>The Supreme Court recently decided a critical issue that erects a barrier to judicial determination of Holocaust art claims in the United States.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) generally prevents US courts from entertaining suits against foreign governments and their state agencies, subject to limited statutory exceptions. State museums and cultural institutions that own contested artwork acquired by gift or purchase may claim immunity from suit under FSIA. In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/20pdf\/19-351_o7jp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp<\/a>,<\/em> the court held that one of the exceptions to immunity did not apply, for a case in which \u201crights in property taken in violation of international law are in issue.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image alignfarright\"><figure class=\"alignright size-medium is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-478x636.jpg\" alt=\"Cross from the Guelph Treasure (Bode Museum, Berlin)\" class=\"wp-image-78544\" width=\"359\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-478x636.jpg 478w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-770x1024.jpg 770w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-768x1021.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-1155x1536.jpg 1155w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-1540x2048.jpg 1540w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-621x826.jpg 621w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-513x682.jpg 513w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-776x1032.jpg 776w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-993x1321.jpg 993w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-259x344.jpg 259w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-398x529.jpg 398w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-517x688.jpg 517w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-795x1058.jpg 795w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-1026x1364.jpg 1026w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-1242x1652.jpg 1242w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-1552x2064.jpg 1552w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM-752x1000.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2021\/03\/Welfenkreuz_Vorderseite_detail_1_KGM.jpg 1730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/><figcaption>A cross from the Guelph Treasure at the Bode Museum in Berlin.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The controversy in <em>Philipp<\/em> centers on a collection of medieval relics and devotional art known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guelph_Treasure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Welfenschatz (or the Guelph Treasure)<\/a>, dating primarily from the 11<sup>th<\/sup> to the 15<sup>th<\/sup> centuries and associated with an ancient European dynasty, the House of Welf. In 1929 a consortium of three art firms owned by German Jews purchased the Welfenschatz from the Duke of Brunswick. They sold some of the pieces and put the rest in storage in Amsterdam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The heirs of the purchasers allege that in 1935, Hermann Goering, then prime minister of Prussia and Adolf Hitler\u2019s deputy, employed a combination of political persecution and physical threats to coerce the consortium to sell the remaining pieces to Prussia for a third of their value. Two of the sellers then fled the country and the third died shortly thereafter. After World War II, the United States, which had taken possession of the collection, turned it over to the Federal Republic of Germany. The treasure has been maintained for nearly 60 years by Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz (SPK), an instrumentality of the Federal Republic, which displays the collection in a museum in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The heirs argued that the sale to the Prussian government was coerced and unlawful. The German Advisory Commission for the Return of Cultural Property Seized as a Result of Nazi Persecution concluded, however, that the sale was not compulsory and due to persecution. The heirs then brought suit against the Federal Republic of Germany and SPK in the US District Court for the District of Columbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The defendants moved to dismiss the case, claiming sovereign immunity, and plaintiffs countered that the exception to immunity for property \u201ctaken in violation of international law,\u201d applied because the purchase in this case was an act which violated the international law of genocide. The Nazi effort to wipe out the Jews, a staggering human tragedy that ended in mass imprisonments and murders, began in the 1930s with state-sponsored devices to demean Jews, destroy their livelihoods and seize their possessions. The sale of the collection, as part of a program to destroy the business of Jewish art dealers, constituted an act of genocide and came within the FSIA exception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The district court and the circuit court agreed with the heirs, but in a unanimous opinion, the Supreme Court reversed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote alignwide is-style-modern has-image-focus-center-middle has-primary-theme\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text\"><hr\/><div class=\"quote-sizing\">The court\u2019s interpretation of FSIA, though consistent with the act\u2019s history, effectively closes US courts to a significant class of potential Holocaust cases.<\/div><footer class=\"caption\">BU Law Professor Alan Feld<\/footer><hr\/><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The ruling limited the exception to violations of international property law, expropriation of the property of noncitizens without just compensation. Extending the exception to other violations of international law, it argued, would waive immunity for any claimed human rights abuse and go beyond accepted international law understandings. This limited reading of the exception, it said, followed from the history and objectives of the FSIA, which codified a \u201crestrictive\u201d theory of sovereign immunity, granting immunity for public but not private acts. Extending the expropriation exception as the plaintiffs urge would destroy that distinction by opening up all manner of foreign sovereign public acts to US judicial scrutiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court\u2019s interpretation of FSIA, though consistent with the act\u2019s history, effectively closes US courts to a significant class of potential Holocaust cases. For those claimants, the effort to right the wrongs suffered in the past has become much harder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-end-of-article\">Artworks initially owned privately often ends up in state museums. The sovereign immunity bar will make it difficult or impossible to find a neutral forum in which claimants can make their arguments for obtaining possession of the art. Courts or administrative agencies in countries where the works reside may tend to resist claims of ownership, based on events that occurred long ago, that would deprive the local party of possession of the work. When the local party is a respected institution such as a museum or an instrumentality of the government, the appearance of bias may be more pronounced. Claimants turned to courts in the United States as more likely to provide them a fair hearing. <em>Philipp<\/em>, by limiting access to this forum, hampers the pursuit of justice for the wrongs of the Nazi genocide.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-background has-dark-color has-very-light-gray-background-color\">\u201cLAW Reviews\u201d is an opinion series that provides commentaries from BU Law faculty on a variety of legal issues. The views expressed are solely those of the author and are not intended to represent the views of Boston University School of Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-editorial-collection-billboard record-block-editorial-collection-billboard\">\n\n\t\t<h3 class=\"collection-billboard-intro-title\">This Series<\/h3>\n\t\t<article class=\"collection-billboard-article\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"collection-billboard-media\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"collection-navigation-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-post-image\" alt=\"The White House\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-636x477.jpg 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1101x826.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-909x682.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1761x1321.jpg 1761w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-459x344.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-705x529.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-917x688.jpg 917w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1411x1058.jpg 1411w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1819x1364.jpg 1819w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1333x1000.jpg 1333w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash-1600x1200.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2020\/11\/white-house-david-everett-strickler-unsplash.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"collection-billboard-media-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2020\/jack-beermann-presidential-transitions-and-midnight-regulations\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-billboard-media-title-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t>Presidential Transitions and Midnight Regulations<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"collection-billboard-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"collection-billboard-small-title\">Also in<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"collection-billboard-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/collections\/law-reviews\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-billboard-title-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>LAW Reviews<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"collection-billboard-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"collection-billboard-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-date\">November 29, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2023\/legal-education-and-artificial-intelligence\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-card-article-title-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>New Frontiers in Legal Education<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"collection-billboard-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-date\">June 29, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2023\/commitment-to-diversity\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-card-article-title-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>BU Law&#8217;s Commitment to a Diverse Student Body<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"collection-billboard-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-date\">June 2, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"collection-billboard-list-item-article-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2023\/after-roe-and-dobbs\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-card-article-title-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>After Roe, After Dobbs<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/collections\/law-reviews\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"collection-billboard-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>Series home<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/article>\n\n\t<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp, the Supreme Court limited the ability of foreign parties to bring lawsuits in US forums, closing courts to a significant class of potential Holocaust cases.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18313,"featured_media":78537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"bu_prepress_billboard":"","_bu_prepress_primary_term":"LAW Reviews","_bu_prepress_primary_term_manual":""},"tags":[1256,992],"bu-publication":[3742],"record-article-category":[3767,3779,3786],"record-topic":[3795],"bu_edition":[],"media_type":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/78526"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/bu-article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18313"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78526"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/78526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":86979,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-article\/78526\/revisions\/86979"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/78537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=78526"},{"taxonomy":"bu-publication","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu-publication?post=78526"},{"taxonomy":"record-article-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-article-category?post=78526"},{"taxonomy":"record-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/record-topic?post=78526"},{"taxonomy":"bu_edition","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bu_edition?post=78526"},{"taxonomy":"media_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media_type?post=78526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}