{"id":117883,"date":"2025-06-04T11:39:08","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T15:39:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/?post_type=bu-article&#038;p=117883"},"modified":"2025-06-30T14:48:50","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T18:48:50","slug":"dismantling-discrimination-through-data-and-policy","status":"publish","type":"bu-article","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/articles\/2025\/dismantling-discrimination-through-data-and-policy\/","title":{"rendered":"Dismantling Discrimination Through Data and Policy"},"content":{"rendered":"\t<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin record-block-editorial-leadin is-style-side-by-side has-media has-flip has-box has-media-focus-center-middle has-quaternary-theme\">\n\t\t<div class=\"container-lockup\">\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-leadin-media\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"4480\" height=\"6720\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003.jpg\" class=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003.jpg 4480w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-424x636.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-551x826.jpg 551w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-455x682.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-688x1032.jpg 688w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-881x1321.jpg 881w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-229x344.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-353x529.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-459x688.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-705x1058.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-909x1364.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1101x1652.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1376x2064.jpg 1376w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1761x2642.jpg 1761w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-667x1000.jpg 667w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4480px) 100vw, 4480px\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-editorial-leadin-caption wp-prepress-component-caption\">Photos by Patrick Strattner. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container-words-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wp-prepress-tag\">Alumni<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"head\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDismantling Discrimination Through Data and Policy\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"deck\">The Fight Against AAPI Hate.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar record-prepress-layout-metabar\">\n\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-date\">June 4, 2025<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-credits\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul data-credit-type=\"By\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/record\/authors\/ben-seal\/\">Ben Seal<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-prepress-component-metabar-share js-bu-prepress-share-tools\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"icon-action\"><\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph record-block-editorial-introparagraph is-style-dropcap-outlined has-dropcap has-dropcap-color-quaternary\"><div class=\"wp-block-editorial-introparagraph-content\"><p>In February 2020, when Los Angeles still had only one known case of coronavirus, a middle school student in the city was confronted by classmates, called a \u201cCOVID carrier,\u201d and told to go back to China. He was punched more than a dozen times in the head, bruising his face and sending him to the emergency room. In the wake of the incident, his devastated family considered returning to South Korea, their homeland.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MANJUSHA KULKARNI (\u201995)<\/strong> learned about the family\u2019s experience through a colleague who worked with the boy\u2019s mother. Kulkarni was shocked and saddened and knew that this family\u2014and many others\u2014would need the support of their neighbors since racism against Asian Americans seemed to be spreading even more quickly than the virus. As the executive director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/aapiequityalliance.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AAPI Equity Alliance<\/a> and advocate for the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, she stepped in, holding a press conference alongside elected officials to speak out against hate. The public outpouring encouraged the family to stay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Still, Kulkarni wanted to quantify how many others had faced a similar incident. When the California Attorney General\u2019s Office declined to gather data, Kulkarni created an online form asking people to share their stories of hate and discrimination and sent it to the alliance\u2019s members, a group of more than 40 community-based organizations serving LA\u2019s 1.5 million AAPI residents. The responses poured in. People were being harassed on public transit, refused service in restaurants, bullied, and assaulted. Within months, they had heard from thousands of people spanning every state, documenting an apparent surge in discrimination directed toward Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By March 2020, Kulkarni cofounded <a href=\"https:\/\/stopaapihate.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stop AAPI Hate<\/a>, a coalition formed to bring attention to the rise in anti-Asian animus and to support her community, which was suddenly being scapegoated once again. In this wave of xenophobia, there were familiar echoes of past injustices, including the 19th-century Chinese Exclusion Act and Japanese American incarceration camps during World War II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the five years since the coalition was formed, Kulkarni has led its fight against injustice, giving voice to those who experience racism without recourse and using the law and policy to address the institutional failures that allow injustice to persist. For her, the law is a tool for changing behavior and establishing guardrails that can prevent the incidents of hate that pervaded the country during the pandemic\u2014and continue today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote alignwide is-style- has-image-focus-center-middle has-quaternary-theme\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text\"><hr\/><div class=\"quote-sizing\">I want the law to do what it did for my parents and what it has also done for my clients.<\/div><footer class=\"caption\">Manjusha Kulkarni (&#8217;95)<\/footer><hr\/><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI don\u2019t need to change the hearts and minds of people,\u201d she says. \u201cWhat I want is for them to not discriminate. Other people can be in the business of changing those hearts and minds, but for me, in my career, I want the law to do what it did for my parents and what it has also done for my clients.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulkarni was born in Pune, a city with a population of seven million, a few hours from Mumbai in western India. She was two when she came to the United States with her mother and father, both physicians, following the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which finally put Asian immigrants on equal footing with Europeans after years of quota-based discrimination. After her parents finished their residencies, they moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where her father helped open a neonatal intensive-care unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1980, when her mother interviewed to join a family practice group, the panel asked only one question: \u201cWhy do you foreigners come to the US and take our jobs?\u201d She responded by hiring an attorney at the Southern Poverty Law Center to bring a civil rights lawsuit, which turned into a class action once it became clear the practice made a habit of rejecting immigrants. The case settled within months, the hospital changed its ways, and Kulkarni had her first glimpse of the law\u2019s power. Her parents were initially disappointed when she changed her mind about a career in medicine and decided to pursue law school instead. But, she told them, \u201cIt\u2019s kind of your fault, because you brought this lawsuit and you challenged injustice.\u201d She was intent on doing the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-117884\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-424x636.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-551x826.jpg 551w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-455x682.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-688x1032.jpg 688w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-881x1321.jpg 881w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-229x344.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-353x529.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-459x688.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-705x1058.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-909x1364.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-1101x1652.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-1376x2064.jpg 1376w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-1761x2642.jpg 1761w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-004-667x1000.jpg 667w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption>Manjusha Kulkarni (&#8217;95) | Photo by Patrick Strattner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>At BU Law, Kulkarni tangled with the concept of hate crimes prosecution, a practice she long supported as a positive signal to society but whose efficacy she now questions. The vast majority of hate confronting the AAPI community\u2014or any group that faces discrimination\u2014doesn\u2019t come in the form of a crime, she says, but is no less pernicious. Her focus, instead, is on the structures that condone or even carry out discrimination in its myriad forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After graduating and moving to LA, Kulkarni spent three years at a civil rights firm, handling investigations as part of a consent decree with Denny\u2019s over its practice of refusing service to Black customers. The restaurant chain had instilled a systemic culture of discrimination, and she helped enforce its reformation. Following a decade at the <a href=\"https:\/\/healthlaw.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Health Law Program<\/a>, she joined the <a href=\"https:\/\/southasiannetwork.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">South Asian Network<\/a>, an LA-based organization focused on direct service to clients in civil rights, violence prevention, and healthcare access. In 2014, she was honored by the White House as a \u201cChampion of Change\u201d for educating the AAPI community on the Affordable Care Act. She saw that advocacy is a critical complement to client service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIf we\u2019re talking about liberation and ultimate salvation, we have to change the conditions under which folks live,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulkarni has carried that understanding to the AAPI Equity Alliance and Stop AAPI Hate, where she\u2019s documented the rise of anti-Asian discrimination and taken an approach to addressing it that doesn\u2019t accept hate crimes prosecution as a salve. In 2021, Stop AAPI Hate\u2019s work encouraged California to invest over $150 million in its Asian and Pacific Islander Equity Budget, funding community organizations that offer victim services and prevention efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote record-block-bu-pullquote alignwide is-style- has-image has-image-focus-center-middle has-quaternary-theme\"><div class=\"wp-block-bu-pullquote-inner\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"4480\" height=\"6720\" class=\"bu-blocks-background wp-image-117885\" src=\"\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003.jpg 4480w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-424x636.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-551x826.jpg 551w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-455x682.jpg 455w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-688x1032.jpg 688w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-881x1321.jpg 881w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-229x344.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-353x529.jpg 353w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-459x688.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-705x1058.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-909x1364.jpg 909w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1101x1652.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1376x2064.jpg 1376w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-1761x2642.jpg 1761w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/files\/2025\/05\/24-1742-LAWKULKARNI-003-667x1000.jpg 667w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4480px) 100vw, 4480px\" \/><\/figure><blockquote><div class=\"container-lockup\"><div class=\"container-icon-outer\"><div class=\"container-icon-inner\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"container-text\"><hr\/><div class=\"quote-sizing\">These are all things we want, just like any other person, that are not quite within our reach, because we, just like other communities of color, have to deal with the ways that racism disfigures our lives.<\/div><footer class=\"caption\">Candice Cho, managing director of policy and counsel for the alliance<\/footer><hr\/><\/div><\/div><\/blockquote><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Equity Alliance also backed the recent passage of measures that will establish an independent redistricting commission for the city of Los Angeles and expand the LA county board of supervisors, both of which will help put more members of the AAPI community in positions of power, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/civilandhumanrights.lacity.gov\/candice-cho\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Candice Cho<\/a>, managing director of policy and counsel for the alliance. Despite composing roughly one-sixth of LA\u2019s population, the community is \u201cdramatically underrepresented\u201d at the state and local levels of government, she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe all want to live somewhere we can be safe and free. We all want to be treated on our own merits as individuals,\u201d Cho says. \u201cWhat Manju\u2019s work has helped do, alongside the work of so many other community leaders, is elevate that that\u2019s true for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, too. These are all things we want, just like any other person, that are not quite within our reach, because we, just like other communities of color, have to deal with the ways that racism disfigures our lives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulkarni is ambitious in her desire to change that reality. She wants California\u2019s changes to expand nationally and eventually to broaden the protections offered by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin. Following the recent election, though, she acknowledges the immediate future may require \u201ca very defensive posture.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anti-Asian sentiment has persisted beyond the pandemic and is now being embraced and codified by political leaders. At least two dozen states have passed or proposed laws to ban Chinese nationals from owning land\u2014an effort with roots dating back to the 19th century. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.uci.edu\/faculty\/full-time\/chang\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bob Chang<\/a>, a professor at the UC Irvine School of Law and collaborator on the BU Law Antiracism &amp; Community Lawyering Practicum, says President Donald Trump&#8217;s 2017 travel ban and the US Supreme Court\u2019s decision to uphold it created fertile soil for the type of targeted efforts now being pursued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chang and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/law\/profile\/caitlin-glass\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CAITLIN GLASS<\/a><\/strong>, director of the BU Law practicum, worked with their students this spring to support challenges to \u201calien land laws.\u201d When the hate Kulkarni and her colleagues have spent years tracking begins manifesting in laws like these, Chang says, \u201cthat\u2019s when it gets really dangerous.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s critical that we intervene now, because we don\u2019t have the luxury of waiting,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even as Kulkarni works to combat the rise in hate facing her community, she recognizes the need to empower Asian Americans. <a href=\"https:\/\/spreadaapilove.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spread AAPI Love<\/a>, a new campaign from her coalition, brings to light the stories of community members who have overcome racism and discrimination. She points to the work of Sunayana Dumala, who started <a href=\"https:\/\/foreverwelcome.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Forever Welcome<\/a>, a nonprofit that advocates for inclusive communities, after her husband was killed in an anti-immigrant attack in a Kansas bar in 2017. Dumala is one of many Asian Americans, including Kulkarni herself, whose stories of resistance the campaign celebrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt was important to change the narrative for people,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s exhausting to think about and worry about hate all the time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kulkarni speaks optimistically about the possibilities for change. She believes in institutions and in the law as a tool for justice\u2014even if it can sometimes be a tool for injustice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several years ago, she began teaching at UCLA, including a class on South Asian American communities. On the last day of the semester, she likes to share with her students Langston Hughes\u2019 poem \u201cLet America Be America Again.\u201d \u201cLet it be the dream it used to be,\u201d Hughes writes, as a voice in the dark, representing the poor, the immigrant, the Black and brown, \u201cthere\u2019s never been equality for me.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every day, Kulkarni is amazed by the courage of people who fight for the dream of what America has never truly been and yet still could be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-end-of-article\">\u201cWhen I feel really discouraged, what keeps me going is that dream people have. That\u2019s what people struggle for. People have died in pursuit of that,\u201d she says. \u201cAnd that\u2019s what I went to law school for.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In February 2020, when Los Angeles still had only one known case of coronavirus, a middle school student in the city was confronted by classmates, called a \u201cCOVID carrier,\u201d and told to go back to China. 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