{"id":13867,"date":"2026-06-04T11:59:22","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T15:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/?post_type=resources&#038;p=13867"},"modified":"2026-09-01T17:27:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T21:27:05","slug":"structured-learning-pathways","status":"publish","type":"resources","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/resources\/structured-learning-pathways\/","title":{"rendered":"Structured Learning Pathways"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>High enrollment courses can feel overwhelming for both instructors and students alike. Faculty may feel limited in what types of assignments to assign to students before and after lecture periods to make sure students are arriving informed and ready to dive deeper into course topics\u2014especially when considering how to grade and incentivize student work. Students may feel isolated within a large class, be unsure of how to prepare for class, and feel daunted by the prospect of higher stakes assignments without appropriate scaffolding for the learning process.<\/p>\n<p>Research suggests that integrating deliberately designed and <strong>highly structured learning cycles<\/strong> into course schedules benefit both instructors and students regardless of course size, but they are especially important in higher enrollment courses.<\/p>\n<p>These approaches focus on not only teaching students the course content but purposefully training students in how to learn the content and to critically engage with the course\u2019s core learning objectives.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"educational-benefits\" styles=\"text-align: center;\">Educational Benefits<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Clarifies academic pathways: <\/strong>Through high structuring, students understand where the course fits in their specific academic pathway, see how their learning contributes to both their success in the course and their future courses, know what work and effort is\u202frequired of\u202fthem, and learn important life and study skills (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.18-08-0153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gavassa\u202fet al. 2019<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Builds understanding and belonging: <\/strong>High-structure\u202fprovides students with reliability and consistency, so they know what is\u202frequired of\u202fthem every week of the course (<a href=\"https:\/\/wvupressonline.com\/inclusive-teaching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hogan and Sathy, 2022<\/a>). This also\u202festablishes\u202fa comfort level with the course and instructor that can lower\u202fstress-levels, increase engagement, promote a sense of belonging, and support completion.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strengthens memory retention: <\/strong>The spacing and repetition of learning in a consistent and intentionally timed way helps learners develop long-term knowledge (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44159-022-00089-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carpenter, Pan &amp; Butler, 2022<\/a>). It is the combination of spacing and retrieval that provides the greatest enhancement of learning.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Promotes active learning: <\/strong>Deliberately structured learning cycles help facilitate increasing students\u2019 cognitive engagement with course materials\u2014moving from passive learning to more active, constructive, and interactive forms of learning to support critical thinking within the discipline (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chi &amp; Wylie, 2014<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"in-practice\">In Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Highly structured learning pathways require pre-planning and developing new resources\/question banks for weekly knowledge checks and activities. This often requires a significant revamping of the course calendar to fit the desired learning cycles. It may also require creating in-class polling questions and small group activities to make sure students are applying pre-lecture and in-lecture content in meaningful ways.<\/p>\n<p>Highly structured learning pathways, especially when paired with a variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/resources\/low-stakes-assessment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low-stakes assessments<\/a> helps students arrive to classes ready to engage more deeply with course content and assists in teaching students how to effectively learn and succeed in the course.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"lci-examples\" style=\"text-align: center;\">BU Large Course Initiative Examples<\/h3>\n<p>In collaboration with several programs in BU\u2019s College of Arts and Sciences, the Institute is engaged in a multi-year initiative to redesign the student experience in large classes that typically have 100 or more students. This initiative provides an opportunity to reimagine and develop new approaches to course redesign, student assessment, classroom teaching techniques and the creation of instructional resources that promote engagement and learning in some of BU\u2019s largest introductory courses.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe style=\"width: 608px; height: 402px; border: 0;\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnapisec.kaltura.com\/p\/2159741\/embedPlaykitJs\/uiconf_id\/54272102?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_6hvxsfh2&amp;config%5Bprovider%5D=%7B%22widgetId%22%3A%221_5idkvi0k%22%7D&amp;config%5Bplayback%5D=%7B%22startTime%22%3A0%7D\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" allow=\"autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *\" sandbox=\"allow-downloads allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-presentation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" title=\"Structured Pathways: Guide the Student Experience\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In this video, Dr. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/biology\/people\/profiles\/michaelyn-hartmann\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michaelyn Hartmann<\/a>, Lecturer of Biology and Director of Postdoctoral Associate Teaching Scholars Program in the College of Arts &amp; Sciences, explains how her team used structured learning pathways in introductory Biology to better equip all students to come to class prepared.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Biology 1 &amp; Biology 2<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>Instruction Team:<\/strong> Kathryn Spilios, Kale Hartmann, Lynette Strickland, Sarah Klionsky<\/p>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong> Knowledge Checks, Polling, and Small Group Activities built into the Codon digital course<\/p>\n<p>The BI107\/108 team moved to a textbook alternative, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codonlearning.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Codon Learning<\/a>, which focuses on less jargon, shorter more targeted \u201creadiness readings,\u201d with knowledge checks built in so students are applying what they learned while reading through the content. In lecture, they integrate polling, small group activities, and discussions to break up lecture content and to encourage students to continue applying their learning in interesting and engaging ways. Lab content is linked more directly with lecture content, and students are encouraged to continue building on their biology knowledge week to week.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">General Chemistry 1<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>Instruction Team:<\/strong> Binyomin Abrams, Keying Chen, Caroline Muteti<\/p>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong> Pre-lecture and Pre-lab Question-Embedded Videos<\/p>\n<p>The CH101 team utilizes pre-lecture and pre-lab question embedded videos to make sure all students are arriving with the pre-requisite knowledge to engage with the lecture content. In lecture, they utilize polling and small group activities to promote deeper engagement with course topics. The next week\u2019s pre-lectures activities build from previous weeks and students take quizzes every other week (with dedicated study prep sessions and opportunities to apply for retakes).<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Basic Statistics and Probability &amp; Applied Statistics<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>Instruction Team:<\/strong> Emily Stephen, Jonathan Huggins, Yongho Lim<\/p>\n<p><strong>Activity:<\/strong> Readings built into the Edfinity and Polling, Skeletal Outlines, and Small Group Exercises<\/p>\n<p>The MA213\/214 team similarly moved to a textbook alternative, <a href=\"https:\/\/edfinity.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edfinity<\/a>, to create shorter, more engaging readings on statistical methods. They also integrate statistical and R coding questions directly within the digital textbook interface as part of students\u2019 pre-lecture preparation. In class, they have integrated polling, skeletal outlines (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10864-017-9274-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glodowski &amp; Thompson, 2018<\/a>), and small group active learning exercises. After class, students engage with targeted post-lecture interactive problem sets to continue practicing and applying the knowledge and skills introduced in pre-lecture and in-class activities.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 id=\"IETL-example\" styles=\"text-align: center;\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Learning Cycle Example<\/h3>\n<p>Here is an example of a proposed learning cycle developed by the Institute team for a given week in a highly structured course. Please note that this is not a prescribed learning pathway, but rather a template for instructors to adopt and adapt to their weekly learning cycles.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure.png\" alt=\"Flowchart depicting an example structured learning pathway with four stages in purple boxes: Pre-Lecture Work, In-Class Activities, Discussion\/Lab Work, and Post-Lecture Work.\" width=\"2256\" height=\"1282\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13938 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure.png 2256w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure-636x361.png 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure-1024x582.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure-768x436.png 768w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure-1536x873.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/06\/example-learning-pathway-figure-2048x1164.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2256px) 100vw, 2256px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In this learning cycle, students engage with course content in a structured way.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Students begin by reviewing readings and pre-lecture materials alongside a knowledge check to ensure each student is arriving to lecture with the necessary pre-requisite knowledge to engage more critically with course content.<\/li>\n<li>Lectures focus on applying and expanding on pre-lecture work, breaking up passive listening with active engagement with the course content through polling and small group work.<\/li>\n<li>Discussions and\/or Lab topics should directly relate to lecture content, applying the course content to real-world examples and targeted case studies.<\/li>\n<li>Finally, post-lecture work forces students to continue engaging with the content and preparing them for the next week with deliberate framing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"technology\">Supporting Technology<\/h2>\n<p>Structured learning pathways can be administered in a variety of formats.\u202fWhile most of the work of creating these structured learning pathways happens outside a particular educational technology, here are a few technologies that can be leveraged for specific parts of a highly structured learning cycle.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h4 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Learning Modules and Quizzes<\/h4><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-13617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-600x600.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-550x550.jpeg 550w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2026\/04\/Kaltura-Logo-710x710.jpeg 710w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>Pre-lecture readings and knowledge checks can be facilitated using <a href=\"https:\/\/help.blackboard.com\/Learn\/Instructor\/Ultra\/Course_Content\/Create_Content\/Create_Containers_for_Content\/Create_Learning_Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blackboard\u2019s learning modules and quizzes<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.kaltura.com\/help\/kaltura-video-quiz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaltura\/MyMedia video quizzes<\/a>. Platforms like <a href=\"https:\/\/edpuzzle.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EdPuzzle<\/a>, for creating and deploying question embedded videos, or Articulate 360, for creating more robust pre- and post-lecture learning modules, could also be leveraged but they come with additional cost.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h4 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Community-Building Tools<\/h4><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/piazza.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Piazza-Logo-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-12807\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Piazza-Logo-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Piazza-Logo-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Piazza-Logo.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>Piazza<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/pronto.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pronto<\/a> can be leveraged as a community-building tool or as a venue to students to discuss course readings and questions outside of class or office hours.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h4 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Classroom Response Systems<\/h4><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Top-Hat-Logo-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-12805\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Top-Hat-Logo-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Top-Hat-Logo-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/files\/2025\/11\/Top-Hat-Logo.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>In-class polling, through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/tech\/services\/teaching\/classroom\/audience-response\/top-hat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TopHat<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/tech\/services\/teaching\/classroom\/audience-response\/pointsolutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PointSolutions<\/a>, can help facilitate in-class interaction, help track attendance, and encourage students\u2019 critical engagement with new topics and strategies. Other polling software, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.polleverywhere.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PollEverywhere<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mentimeter.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mentimeter<\/a>, could also be used but those would require additional cost in licensing.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"additional-resources\">Additional Resources<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Carpenter, Shana K., et al. \u201cThe Science of Effective Learning with Spacing and Retrieval Practice.\u201d\u202f<em>Nature Reviews Psychology<\/em>, vol. 1, no. 9,\u202f9, Sept. 2022, pp. 496\u2013511.\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44159-022-00089-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.nature.com,\u202fhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44159-022-00089-1<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Chi, Michelene T. H. &amp; Ruth Wylie (2014) \u201cThe ICAP Framework: Linking Cognitive Engagement to Active Learning Outcomes, Educational Psychologist,\u201d 49:4, 219-243, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Crimmins, M. T., &amp; Midkiff, B. (2017). High structure active learning pedagogy for the teaching of organic chemistry: Assessing the impact on academic outcomes. Journal of Chemical Education, 94, 429\u2013438. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jchemed.6b00663\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jchemed.6b00663<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gavassa, Sat et al. \u201cClosing the Achievement Gap in a Large Introductory Course by Balancing Reduced In-Person Contact with Increased Course Structure.\u201d CBE\u202flife sciences education\u202fvol. 18,1 (2019): ar8. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.18-08-0153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.18-08-0153<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Glodowski, Kathryn, and Rachel Thompson.\u202fThe Effects of Guided Notes on Pre-Lecture Quiz Scores in Introductory Psychology. Journal of Behavioral Education, vol. 27, no. 1, Mar. 2018, pp. 101\u201323. \u202fhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10864-017-9274-7.<\/li>\n<li>Hogan, Kelly A., and Viji Sathy.\u202fInclusive Teaching: Strategies for Promoting Equity in the College Classroom. <em>West Virginia University Press<\/em>, 2022.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Connect with the Institute for Excellence in Teaching &amp; Learning team with questions or to schedule a consultation at <a href=\"mailto:excellence@bu.edu\">excellence@bu.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"actions actions--shortcode\" data-actions-align=\"center\">\n\n\t<a\n\t\tclass=\"button button--shortcode theme--cardinal button--has-icon\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"http:\/\/excellence@bu.edu\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"button__text\">Explore More Resources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"button__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\tclass=\"icon icon--icon-arrow  icon--md\"\n\theight=\"18\"\n\twidth=\"18\"\n\tstyle=\"--icon-ratio: var(--icon-arrow-ratio, auto);\"\n>\n\t<use href=\"#icon-arrow\" \/>\n<\/svg>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>High enrollment courses can feel overwhelming for both instructors and students alike. Faculty may feel limited in what types of assignments to assign to students before and after lecture periods to make sure students are arriving informed and ready to dive deeper into course topics\u2014especially when considering how to grade and incentivize student work. Students [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20989,"featured_media":13871,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":[],"resources_areas":[248],"resources_categories":[],"resources_tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/13867"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/resources"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20989"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/13867\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14328,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/13867\/revisions\/14328"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13867"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"resources_areas","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources_areas?post=13867"},{"taxonomy":"resources_categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources_categories?post=13867"},{"taxonomy":"resources_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/excellence\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources_tags?post=13867"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}