{"id":1486,"date":"2019-05-15T12:22:45","date_gmt":"2019-05-15T16:22:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/?page_id=1486"},"modified":"2019-05-15T12:26:30","modified_gmt":"2019-05-15T16:26:30","slug":"cps","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/cps\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"container_wrap container_wrap_first main_color sidebar_right\">\n<h3 class=\"big-preview single-big\">Cyber-Physical Systems<\/h3>\n<div class=\"entry-content-wrapper clearfix standard-content\">\n<div class=\"entry-content\" itemprop=\"text\">\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<p>The term <strong>Cyber-Physical System (CPS)<\/strong> is used to describe dynamic systems which combine components characterized by a physical state (e.g., the location, power level, and temperature of a mobile robot) with components (mostly digital devices empowered by software) characterized by an operational state or mode (e.g., on\/off, transmitting\/receiving). From a modeling point of view, physical states evolve according to <strong>time-driven dynamics<\/strong> commonly described through differential (or difference) equations, while operational states have <strong>event-driven dynamics<\/strong> where \u0093events\u0094 may be controllable (e.g., a turn on command) or uncontrollable (e.g., a random failure). Imparting intelligence to a CPS implies the presence of multiple additional events that correspond to actions such as \u201cstart moving\u201d\u00a0 for a mobile robot or \u201cchange sampling rate\u201d for a sensor. These physical and operational states generally interact to give rise to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/des\">hybrid dynamic system<\/a>. For example, a sensor with autonomous control capabilities may switch to a data transmitting mode as a result of a particular physical state change (e.g., its residual energy drops below a certain threshold).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/smart-cities\">Smart Cities<\/a> are an example of CPS currently attracting considerable attention, as 66% of the world\u2019s population is projected to be concentrated in urban areas by 2050.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cyber-Physical Systems The term Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is used to describe dynamic systems which combine components characterized by a physical state (e.g., the location, power level, and temperature of a mobile robot) with components (mostly digital devices empowered by software) characterized by an operational state or mode (e.g., on\/off, transmitting\/receiving). From a modeling point of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15965,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1486"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15965"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1486"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1494,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1486\/revisions\/1494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/codes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}