{"id":2883,"date":"2015-08-06T14:29:41","date_gmt":"2015-08-06T18:29:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/?p=2883"},"modified":"2015-10-02T14:53:19","modified_gmt":"2015-10-02T18:53:19","slug":"from-sketch-to-screen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/2015\/08\/06\/from-sketch-to-screen\/","title":{"rendered":"From Sketch to Screen"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>In their work on <em>Big Hero 6<\/em>, <em>Frozen<\/em>, and other films, CFA alums are stretching the limits of animation and imagination<\/h2>\n<h4>By Lara Ehrlich | Photo courtesy of Disney<\/h4>\n<p><small><em><span face=\"georgia\" color=\"#666\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: georgia;\">Banner image: For <\/span><\/em><span face=\"georgia\" color=\"#666\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: georgia;\">Big Hero 6<\/span><em><span face=\"georgia\" color=\"#666\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: georgia;\">, Disney created San Fransokyo (pictured), the largest set piece ever made for an animated feature; it\u2019s populated by hundreds of thousands of citizens.<\/span><\/em><\/small><\/p>\n<div class=\"media picture w_300\">\n<p><img src=\"\/cfa-magazine\/files\/2015\/08\/Colored_Allelements_2.png\" alt=\"Rocks in My Pockets\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"caption\">For her indie feature film <em>Rocks in My Pockets<\/em>, animator Signe Baumane developed the story and created storyboards\u2014thumbnail sketches that illustrate the staging for each scene\u2014before she and Wendy Cong Zhao (\u201911, COM\u201911) added color, vocals, music, movement, and effects. <span class=\"credit\">Courtesy of Wendy Cong Zhao and Signe Baumane<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>The man on the computer screen<\/strong>, buried to his shoulders in thick, white goo, strains to move. His shadow looms behind him, breaks apart, and melts into the distance as he slogs inexorably to the edge of the frame. It\u2019s an animated image, or gif, and the artist bringing him to life is <a title=\"Wendy Cong Zhao\" href=\"http:\/\/wendysdrawings.tumblr.com\/\">Wendy Cong Zhao<\/a>, who achieves the illusion of strenuous movement in a series of 34 line drawings. In this and other gifs she shares on her blog, the classically trained painter is beginning to experiment with animation.<\/p>\n<p>This experimentation has led her to rethink how she creates art, and to deviate from the idea that a single artwork is the end goal. When studying fine art, she says, \u201cwe work for a long time on one drawing or painting. Then, we hang it up and take a long time to study it.\u201d In animation, however, the illusion of movement is achieved by connecting tens, hundreds, thousands\u2014hundreds of thousands\u2014of individual drawings. \u201cWhen they\u2019re all moving together, each drawing is only seen for a split second,\u201d she says. \u201cEach could be very good, but it\u2019s not about that. On screen, you see the film as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The illusion of movement has captivated audiences since the first animated film. J. Stuart Blackton\u2019s <a title=\"Enchanted Drawing\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HczGiAoeLGw\"><em>Enchanted Drawing<\/em><\/a> (1900) featured a tuxedoed man coaxing chalkboard drawings to life through stop-motion animation. From the costume to the staging, Blackton presents animation as a magic trick, and in the decades since, even as audiences and films have become more sophisticated, the spell holds.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media video\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ri5noa6Zoxw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"caption\">Story artist Christian Roman (\u201991) gives us a behind-the-scenes look at the Pixar animation process. <span class=\"credit\">Video by Taylor Toole<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cAnimation is one of the most magical art forms you can imagine,\u201d says Roy Conli (\u201987), a producer for <a title=\"Walt Disney Animation Studios\" href=\"http:\/\/www.disneyanimation.com\/\">Walt Disney Animation Studios<\/a>. And today, CFA alums like Conli and Zhao are the ones making the magic. From granting movement to line drawings, to conjuring an entire city on screen, these alums are stretching the limits of animation and imagination.<\/p>\n<h3>It starts with a story<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Animator Signe Baumane had a story to tell.<\/strong> In her 2014 feature film, <a title=\"Rocks in My Pockets\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rocksinmypocketsmovie.com\/\"><em>Rocks in My Pockets<\/em><\/a>, she traces her struggle with depression through the generations to her grandmother who, in 1920s Latvia, fell in love with a risk-taking entrepreneur prone to jealousy. Baumane plunges into her story of fantasy and madness through stop-motion animation driven by a crisp voice-over.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe script was the blueprint,\u201d says Zhao (\u201911, COM\u201911), who worked with Baumane as a colorist, and then as a compositor and editor from 2011 to 2013. \u201cSigne recorded the voice-over first. We had to cut it up a little bit, but the main structure remained unchanged.\u201d With the story in place, Baumane developed storyboards\u2014thumbnail sketches that illustrate the staging for each scene\u2014and worked with a team of five assistants and interns to animate the piece. Although collaboration was vital to the process, Baumane\u2019s singular vision steered the story and the film\u2019s production.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout_left\">\n<p>&#8220;Animation is one of the most magical art forms you can imagine.&#8221;\u2014Roy Conli (\u201987)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Collaborative storytelling is central to the process at big studios like <a title=\"Pixar\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pixar.com\/\">Pixar<\/a> and Disney, where 12 directors each pitch a minimum of 3 ideas to the Story Trust, a team composed of the studio\u2019s directors and chief creative officer. When the Trust considers which stories to pursue, says Peter Del Vecho (\u201980), producer of Disney\u2019s Academy Award\u2013winning film <a title=\"Frozen\" href=\"http:\/\/frozen.disney.com\/\"><em>Frozen<\/em><\/a> and a member of the group, \u201cWe ask ourselves: What do we want to see next, as \u00admoviegoers?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Once a film is greenlit, the director, writer, and a team of 8 to 10 story artists spend 2 to 3 years developing the story. \u201cEverybody will be in the room throwing out ideas,\u201d says Christian Roman (\u201991), a story artist at Pixar who worked on <a title=\"Toy Story 3\" href=\"http:\/\/toystory.disney.com\/toy-story-3\"><em>Toy Story 3<\/em><\/a>. \u201cPeople will have pads of paper and do little gags that may or may not further the story, but will at least be a little funny moment.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As they sketch from the working script, the story artists consider a variety of questions: \u201cWhat\u2019s the point of the scene? What do I want the audience to feel about it? How can I make this part of the story better?\u201d says Roman. \u201cA lot of creative freedom is given to the story artists to own their sequence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>As the story develops, sketches-in-progress are compiled with vocal, music, and effects tracks to create an animatic, or an animated storyboard, which is screened every 12 weeks for the studio\u2019s entire team of directors and writers. \u201cWe essentially tear it apart,\u201d says Conli, producer of Disney\u2019s Academy Award\u2013winning film <a title=\"Big Hero 6\" href=\"http:\/\/movies.disney.com\/big-hero-6\/\"><em>Big Hero 6<\/em><\/a>. \u201cOften, 75 percent of it goes back into development, but the 25 percent that stays is going to be the core of the story you tell.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Del Vecho points to the last scene of <em>Frozen<\/em> as an example of the efficacy of this process.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media picture w_550\"><img src=\"\/cfa-magazine\/files\/2015\/08\/FROZ_33_0_070_00_0022.jpg\" alt=\"Frozen concept art\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"media picture w_550\">\n<p><img src=\"\/cfa-magazine\/files\/2015\/08\/Final-Frame-from-feature-1.jpg\" alt=\"Frozen Scene\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"caption\">For the ending to <em>Frozen<\/em>, a Disney artist placed the scene on a\u00a0fjord and manifested Queen Elsa&#8217;s emotions as a storm. The clarity of the staging &#8220;gave us the impact of the scene we had hoped for,&#8221; says Peter Del Vecho (&#8217;80), the film&#8217;s producer. <span class=\"credit\">(top) John Ripa, Walt Disney Feature Animation; (bottom) Courtesy of Walt Disney Feature Animation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Loosely based on Hans Christian Andersen\u2019s fairy tale <em>The Snow Queen<\/em>, <em>Frozen<\/em> is the story of Princess Anna\u2019s epic quest to save her sister, Queen Elsa, who has suspended their kingdom in winter. When Anna falls under a spell that begins to freeze her heart, only an act of true love can save her. \u201cWe always knew we wanted to end the movie with the true love being between the sisters, but it wasn\u2019t very clear how to stage the ending to achieve the desired emotional impact,\u201d Del Vecho says. When the team thought they had finally found the ending, one artist disagreed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHe went off for two weeks and sketched up [a new ending] and pitched it to us,\u201d Del Vecho says. To achieve a compelling climax, the artist \u201cfirst placed the scene out on the fjord, and second, had Elsa\u2019s emotions manifest a storm that makes it believable that everyone is close to each other, but cannot see each other until the right moment, when the storm suspends\u2014easy in hindsight. It was the clarity of the staging that gave us the impact of the scene we had hoped for. We gave the artist a standing ovation.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Building character<\/h3>\n<div class=\"media picture w_300\">\n<p><img src=\"\/cfa-magazine\/files\/2015\/08\/huggablerobot.jpg\" alt=\"Building a Huggable Robot\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"caption\">The creative team for <em>Big Hero 6<\/em> traveled across the world to gather inspiration for Baymax and drew on diverse elements to create a robot unlike any audiences had seen before.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>In tandem with developing story through script-work and sketching,<\/strong> the creative team collaborates to produce memorable characters, like Elsa from <em>Frozen<\/em>, Woody from <em>Toy Story<\/em>\u2014and the puffy, white robot, Baymax, who steals every scene in the Disney film <em>Big Hero 6<\/em>. An inflatable health care robot, Baymax is the brainchild of Tadashi, who dies in an accident, leaving his little brother, Hiro, grief-stricken. Hiro stumbles across Baymax among his brother\u2019s belongings, and the robot interprets the boy\u2019s grief as a wound he must heal.<\/p>\n<p>When developing Baymax, directors Don Hall and Chris Williams aimed to create an original robot, different from anything the audience would have seen before. They filled their story room with pictures of \u201cliterally every robot that has ever been in a film,\u201d says Conli. WALL-E, Robby the Robot, Gort from <em>The Day the Earth Stood Still<\/em>\u2014\u201cthe room was just plastered.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hall and Williams visited the <a title=\"Robotics Institute\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ri.cmu.edu\/\">Robotics Institute<\/a> at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There, they met researchers working in the field of soft robotics to develop a health care robot made of inflated vinyl that will tend gently to elderly patients. This project \u201csparked in Don\u2019s mind the idea of a huggable robot,\u201d says Conli. \u201cThis was the beginning of Baymax, and the fact that he was a health care robot made total sense within the structure of our story.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout_left\">\n<p>&#8220;We want to make sure we are<br \/>\ndealing with themes<br \/>\nand characters<br \/>\nthat resonate<br \/>\nwith audiences worldwide, and that means getting to the core fundamental values we all share.&#8221;<br \/>\n\u2014Peter Del Vecho<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When the team had Baymax\u2019s shape, they drew out his personality through expressions and movement. \u201cAnimators are essentially actors with computers\u2014we used to say \u2018actors with pencils,\u2019\u201d Conli says. \u201cThey do a lot of research, as an actor does, exploring character.\u201d Inspired by Japanese animation, the creative team traveled to Japan, where they stumbled upon a suzu bell at a Shinto shrine. It seemed to be smiling serenely at them, Conli says, and inspired Baymax\u2019s simple, yet expressive features.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, \u201cwe recognized that we were going to want a super appealing walk,\u201d he says. The team watched videos to find the \u201ccutest walks\u201d in nature, which they determined were \u201ca human baby in a diaper, a human baby in a loaded diaper, and a baby penguin. The baby penguin won.\u201d They had found Baymax\u2019s distinctive waddle.<\/p>\n<h3>Lights, camera, action<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Once the story works and the characters are waiting in the wings,<\/strong> it\u2019s time to bring the film to life. The storyboard artists sketch each scene, complete with movement, lighting, and camera angles. \u201cEvery little detail should support the direction of the story you want to tell,\u201d Roman says. The storyboards then head to a production team that animates the story.<\/p>\n<p>At Pixar, it\u2019s about a two-year process\u2014beyond the two or three years it takes to develop a story. Modelers create the characters and backgrounds on the computer, then riggers add points of articulation to the models so they can be manipulated. The layout artists use the storyboards to develop rough blocking, placing the \u201ccamera\u201d within the scenes and the characters in their key poses. The animators enrich the posing, camera movements, and character expressions, which are all coordinated with the actors\u2019 voice recordings. The lighting team then renders the scenes to add shading, textures, and reflections. \u201cEvery step has people who are experts,\u201d Roman says. \u201cWe all work together. It is always an amazing bit of alchemy when everybody is firing on all cylinders.\u201d All told, the process of bringing a single film like <em>Toy Story 3<\/em>, <em>Frozen<\/em>, and <em>Big Hero 6<\/em> to the screen involves the work of anywhere from 350 to 800 people.<\/p>\n<div class=\"media picture w_550\">\n<p><img src=\"\/cfa-magazine\/files\/2015\/08\/toystory.png\" alt=\"Toy Story concept art and scene\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"caption\">Mr. Pricklepants from <em>Toy Story 3<\/em> was inspired by a Pixar artist&#8217;s childhood toy. The lovable hedgehog began as a background character, but the team loved him so much &#8220;he grew into a master thespian,&#8221; says story artist Christian Roman. <span class=\"credit\">Photo courtesy of Disney\/Pixar<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although a small production like <em>Rocks in My Pockets<\/em> follows a similar process, Baumane did not have the budget for a big team. She hand-drew characters on paper and constructed backgrounds from papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9, painted wooden boards, and other materials. To achieve the illusion that the 2D characters are moving through the 3D sets, she created numerous drawings for each movement, all of which were colored, shaded, textured, and lit. In all, the film required 30,000 drawings.<\/p>\n<p>Zhao worked with Baumane to bring the characters and world together; she edited the scenes, digitally colored each one in Photoshop, composited them in After Effects, and edited the film. This work required Zhao to not only develop new technical skills, but to employ the traditional skills she learned at CFA. \u201cIt helped to have taken sculpture classes, to know what it should look like when a character moves through space,\u201d she says, \u201cespecially if the background is moving, like if there\u2019s a pan or a zoom.\u201d And the skills she developed as a painter enabled her to shade characters with the knowledge of how different light sources generate shadows.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe ability to draw well, compose, understand perspective and color theory, and so on, is key to working and creating animation,\u201d Roman adds. \u201cThe computer doesn\u2019t compensate for a lack of creativity or artistic ability. It is simply a tool, like a brush or a pencil.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout_left\">\n<p>&#8220;We all work together. It is always an amazing bit of alchemy when everybody is firing on all cylinders.&#8221;\u2014Christian Roman<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The magic makers<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u201cEvery once in awhile, you get to work on a film that takes on a life of its own,\u201d<\/strong> Del Vecho says of the film that has inspired Halloween costumes, stuffed animals, jewelry, toys, stamps, sheets\u2014and more than 55 million YouTube videos of fans singing \u201cLet It Go.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He witnessed the audience\u2019s continuing enchantment with <em>Frozen<\/em> during BU\u2019s 2014 Alumni Weekend, when he took alums behind the scenes of the film. During the screening of a clip, four little girls sitting at the back of the auditorium shot to their feet to sing along to \u201cFor the First Time in Forever.\u201d After the talk, Del Vecho opened the floor to questions, and called on one of the movie\u2019s littlest fans first. She asked, \u201cHow does Elsa make snow come out of her hand?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The producer expounded upon the animation techniques behind the character\u2019s dramatic talent, which Elsa perceives as a curse, and how her struggle to control the power ties into the film\u2019s theme, \u201clove, not fear.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This wasn\u2019t the answer the young girl was looking for. At the end of Del Vecho\u2019s explanation, she asked, \u201cBut <em>how<\/em> does she do it?\u201d How does Elsa <em>actually<\/em> make magic?<\/p>\n<p>The spell holds.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In their work on Big Hero 6, Frozen, and other films, CFA alums are stretching the limits of animation and imagination By Lara Ehrlich | Photo courtesy of Disney Banner image: For Big Hero 6, Disney created San Fransokyo (pictured), the largest set piece ever made for an animated feature; it\u2019s populated by hundreds of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6143,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[26,28],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6143"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2883"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3662,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2883\/revisions\/3662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cfa-magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}