{"id":8193,"date":"2021-10-04T14:10:40","date_gmt":"2021-10-04T18:10:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/?p=8193"},"modified":"2022-05-24T14:38:11","modified_gmt":"2022-05-24T18:38:11","slug":"creating-enchanted-customer-experiences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/2021\/10\/04\/creating-enchanted-customer-experiences\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating Enchanted Customer Experiences"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment8222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment8222\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-19.png\" alt=\"Creating Enchanted Customer Experiences By Alohaflaminggo on Shutterstock\" width=\"1024\" height=\"597\" class=\"wp-image-8222 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-19.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-19-636x371.png 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-19-768x448.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment8222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/g\/Alohaflaminggo\">Alohaflaminggo<\/a> on Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By <span style=\"color: #cc0000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/profile\/bruce-tracey\/\" style=\"color: #cc0000;\">J. Bruce Tracey<\/a><\/span>, Professor, Cornell University and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #cc0000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/profile\/james-houran\/\" style=\"color: #cc0000;\">James Houran<\/a><\/span>, Managing Director, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AETHOS Consulting Group<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the world attempts to recover from the seemingly endless Covid-19 pandemic, many hospitality companies have placed considerable emphasis on creating more engaging and enriching customer experiences. Indeed, there is growing evidence that customers are looking for something more and better (LaTour &amp; Brant, 2021), and even great service may not be enough to meet the needs of the new normal. In particular, many customers are seeking extraordinary, \u201cenchanting\u201d experiences that are immersive and transformative (Phillips, 2019; Soulard, McGehee, &amp; Knollenberg, 2021). As such, the curation of enchantment requires careful consideration of the customers who are seeking enchanting experiences, as well as the front-line employees and operational leaders who help make the magic happen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Enchanted Customers<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People seek and experience enchantment in a wide-array of contexts (e.g., exotic travel destinations) and activities (e.g., weddings). Psychology and management scholars have extensively studied emotions of \u201cawe, inspiration, wonder or surprise,\u201d but these efficacious sentiments sometimes combine with other particular thoughts and feelings to produce an even more potent experience for consumers and employees \u2013 a sense of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enchantment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As we previously discussed (Houran &amp; Tracey, 2021), recent studies suggest that enchantment is a complex arousal state filled with competing \u201cemotional, sensorial, timeless, rational, and transformative\u201d themes. This psychological cocktail disrupts the mundane or difficult experience of daily life with a positive feeling of connection to a \u201ctranscendent agency or ultimate reality\u201d (for a review, see Drinkwater at al., 2020).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We further proposed that Pine and Gilmore\u2019s (1999, 2013) famous concept of the \u201cexperience economy\u201d was evolving in important ways toward an \u201cenchantment economy\u201d (Houran &amp; Tracey, 2021). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> w<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here do people find enchantment in their lives?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Preliminary research by Lange et al. (2021) reveals that consumers intend to pursue \u201cenchanted marketplaces\u201d via five categories of events or experiences which they labeled:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escapade<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, an adventurous escape to a particular destination.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nostalgia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reminiscence related to special \u201cfirst-time\u201d events.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Catharsis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, participation in events related to liberation or ecstasy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, impromptu or planned fellowship under special circumstances.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attachment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, family activities that reinforce bonding and a sense of legacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These features will certainly vary in salience across marketplaces. As such, hospitality leaders must not only develop a keen understanding about their context-specific enchantment drivers, but also leverage and enable their teams to help facilitate enchanting customer experiences.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment8224\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment8224\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-20.png\" alt=\"By oneinchpunch on Shutterstock\" width=\"1024\" height=\"597\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-20.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-20-636x371.png 636w, https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR-October-1024-x-597-20-768x448.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment8224\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/g\/oneinchpunch\">oneinchpunch<\/a> on Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>Enchanted Employees<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s plenty of evidence that links employee engagement with a wide array of positive customer outcomes (e.g., satisfaction and loyalty; see Harter, Schmidt, &amp; Hayes, 2002; Schneider, Macey, Barbera, &amp; Martin, 2009), and it\u2019s likely to work the same way with enchantment. Moreover, just as customers seek enchanting travel experiences, many employees likewise seek out and thrive in \u201cenchanted workplaces,\u201d i.e., organizational cultures and settings that promote meaningful and empowering experiences on professional and personal levels (e.g., Boje &amp; Baskin, 2011; Endrissat et al., 2015; Michaelson et al., 2014; White, 1998). An enchanted workplace can be characterized by employees who are optimally resourceful, happy, resilient, passionate, motivated, and healthy at work (e.g., Fisher, 2010; Schaufeli et al., 2002; Suddaby et al, 207; Vallerand, 2008), all of which have substantial impact on employee engagement and performance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Escapade<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> variety of enchanting experience is associated with an escape or adventure to a specific place (e.g., Africa) or for a specific activity (e.g., trekking). Employees who are knowledgeable about the destination and share consumers\u2019 passion for the destination\u2019s featured activities may play a key role in shaping consumers\u2019 getting-away-from-it-all experiences. Additionally, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nostalgia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> type of enchantment is characterized by unforgettable first impressions and a sense of being lucky or blessed. In this case, employees who proactively take measures to anticipate and deliver on consumer expectations, especially in a creative and novel manner, may be able to amplify and enhance consumers\u2019 sense of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nostalgia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Similarly, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attachment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> categories of enchantment may involve intensive interpersonal interactions among individuals who may or may not be familiar with one another. Employees who are not only highly personable and open to new experiences, but also thrive in and energized by team settings may play a critical role in achieving these types of customer enchantment. Because these \u201cwows\u201d do not materialize by serendipity, operational leaders need to be very purposeful in their efforts to promote enchantment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Enchanted Leaders<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamentally, leadership is about \u201cinfluencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives\u201d (Yukl, 2013, p. 7). One of the key leadership requirements for promoting customer enchantment is to ensure that front-line staff possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other individual characteristics (e.g., personality dimensions), as well as the tools, equipment, and support (e.g., training and incentives) that collectively facilitate emotionally engaging, memorable, and enchanting guest experiences. Thus, we advise operational leaders to directly account for the features of enchantment in all staffing, training, performance management, and reward decisions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blend<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of several leadership styles will be needed to ensure that front-line staff are empowered with the requisite capabilities and support systems. One of the most influential types of leadership is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transformational<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., Bass &amp; Avolio, 1994; Burns, 1978), which encompasses traits such as the ability to articulate a unique and compelling vision of the future and instilling followers with a sense of pride, as well as behaviors such as delegation and providing followers with challenging roles. Transformational leadership is particularly relevant in hospitality settings (Tracey &amp; Hinkin, 1994; Gui et al., 2020), and this style further includes several key elements to support front-line staff in creating and promoting consumer enchantment. For example, a hotel general manager\u2019s charisma and passion for a destination\u2019s cultural heritage and unique history can inspire employees to share their own enthusiasm and excitement about the local context with guests throughout their visit, and in doing so, help facilitate an Escapade. Additionally, empowering front-line staff via flexible job designs and service-focused training and reward systems to customize their guest experience responsibilities gives them license to go beyond expectations and create immersive, memorable, and nostalgic \u201cwows.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another style proven pertinent to hospitality settings, and perhaps critical in supporting consumer enchantment, is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">servant leadership<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Brownell, 2010; Greenleaf, 2002). This form of leadership prioritizes followers\u2019 needs, interests, and well-being (Liden, Wayne, Zhao, &amp; Henderson, 2008) and often has a positive influence on a wide range of outcomes, including <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">proactive customer service performance<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Ye, Lyu, &amp; He, 2019), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">creativity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Ruiz-Palomino &amp; Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, 2020), and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">team cohesion and performance<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Chiniara &amp; Bentein, 2018). These outcomes are clearly aligned with the ability to deliver unforgettable guest experiences and to develop <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communion<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attachment<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and thus, can help to guide leaders in their efforts to foster enchanting workplaces. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">astly, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">situational models<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of leadership (e.g., Feidler, 1978; Hersey &amp; Blanchard, 1969), as well as explanations that account for contextual factors that might mitigate or enhance a leader\u2019s influence (e.g., Newman &amp; Butler, 2014; Sarwar, Ishaq, Amin, &amp; Ahmed, 2020) should also be considered as a basis for cultivating enchantment. While efforts to meet and exceed consumer expectations may certainly be orchestrated <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a priori<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, many memorable experiences are the product of serendipity or what psychologist Carl Jung called \u201csynchronicity.\u201d Leaders who are acutely sensitive to local dynamics can be opportunistic and exploit the unique and unexpected moments associated with a particular time and place to cultivate consumer enchantment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Assessing Enchantment<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As emphasized above, hospitality leaders can actively build enchantment by engaging with and supporting front-line staff to promote the unique and awe-inspiring features associated with specific locations. So, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">how can leaders tell whether they are successfully fostering enchanted experiences?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A recently validated measure of situational enchantment (Houran, Lange, &amp; Lathe, 2020) can assist in this respect. As shown in Table 1, this measure offers a checklist tool that covers 21 thoughts and feelings that build the sense of enchantment. All are germane to customer enchantment, and most apply to employee enchantment. Leaders can easily incorporate this checklist into a wide array of measurement and feedback platforms (e.g., experience surveys, focus groups, mystery shopper assessments, etc.) and use the information for both diagnostic and evaluative purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scoring the checklist is a simple, two-step process: (Step 1) every \u201ctrue\/yes\u201d response gets a \u201c1\u201d and every \u201cfalse\/no\u201d response is \u201c0,\u201d and (Step 2) convert the raw sum (range = \u201c0 to 21\u201d) to a normed (or Scaled) score using the conversion system in Table 2. The average Scaled Score is \u201c50\u201d (i.e., a raw score of \u201c12\u201d), so the goal is to achieve a \u201ctrue\/yes\u201d for at least 13 or more of these descriptors. The higher your Scaled Score, the more enchanted guests and\/or employees feel. Your score and the guest\/team member feedback can help you to identify specific opportunities to build and sustain enchantment. This type of data-driven, stakeholder approach can provide a sound basis for developing an enchantment agenda and advancing the enchantment economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Table 1. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Enchantment-Adjective Checklist (Houran et al., 2020)<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Joy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great happiness)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Excited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (enjoyable feeling of eagerness or expectation)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Delighted<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great pleasure)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Energized<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great energy or liveliness)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Goodness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (feeling of ultimate love or grace)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Beauty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great allure or splendor)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dreamy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (quiet, restful, in a daydream)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stunned<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (overwhelmed or great shock)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lost-in-the-moment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (focused attention, frozen in place and time)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In awe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great respect or admiration)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Surprised<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (a jolt, suddenly startled)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aware<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (increased perception or understanding)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Important<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (great appreciation of the moment and its significance)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Amazed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (feeling baffled or astonished)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Educated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (enlightened, open-minded, or having new knowledge or wisdom)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dazed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (mentally perplexed or confused)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inspired<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (filled or stirred with uplifting emotion or passion)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fulfilled<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (feeling deeply satisfied, gratified, or complete)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Humbled<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (in the presence of greatness or something incredible)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Connected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (joined or united with something greater than yourself)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Special<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (lucky or privileged to be there)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The highlighted items are those that are especially pertinent both to customers and employees.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Table 2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Raw to Scaled Score system for Enchantment-Adjective Checklist (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mean<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 50, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">standard deviation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 15)<\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"203\" height=\"1488\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scale<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raw Sum<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Score<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">37<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">44<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">49<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">51<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">53<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">55<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">58<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">64<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">68<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">86<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"\/bhr\/files\/2021\/10\/BHR_Tracey-Houran_Creating-Enhanced-Experiences_OCT.21.docx.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">PDF Version Available Here<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><h3 class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">References<\/h3><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bass, B. B. &amp; Avolio, B.J. (1994). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. CA: Sage.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boje, D. M., &amp; Baskin, K. (2011). Our organizations were never disenchanted. Enchantment by design narratives vs enchantment by emergence. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Organizational Change Management<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">24<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 411-426. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09534811111144593\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09534811111144593<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brownell, J. (2010). Leadership in the service of hospitality. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cornell Hospitality Quarterly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">51<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 363\u2013378. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu\/10.1177\/1938965510368651\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu\/10.1177\/1938965510368651<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burns, J. M. (1978). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leadership<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. NY: Harper &amp; Row.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chiniara, M. &amp; Bentein, K. (2018). 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Servant leadership and proactive customer service performance. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1330\u20131347. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu\/10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2018-0180\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.library.cornell.edu\/10.1108\/IJCHM-03-2018-0180<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yukl, G. A. (2013) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leadership in organizations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (8<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By J. Bruce Tracey, Professor, Cornell University and James Houran, Managing Director, AETHOS Consulting Group As the world attempts to recover from the seemingly endless Covid-19 pandemic, many hospitality companies have placed considerable emphasis on creating more engaging and enriching customer experiences. Indeed, there is growing evidence that customers are looking for something more and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18808,"featured_media":8222,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[521,625,622,624,1],"tags":[637,627,636,560,559,626],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8193"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18808"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8193"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9557,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8193\/revisions\/9557"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8222"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/bhr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}