Uncertainties about the drug sources, pharmacological agents, chemicals used to manufacture them, and possible contaminants make it difficult to determine toxicity, consequences, and symptoms |
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No club drug is benign. Chronic abuse of MDMA, for example, appears to produce long-term damage to serotonin-containing neurons in the brain. Given the important role that the neurotransmitter serotonin plays in regulating emotion, memory, sleep, pain, and higher order cognitive processes, it is likely that MDMA use can cause a variety of behavioral and cognitive consequences as well as impairing memory.
Because some club drugs are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, they can be added unobtrusively to beverages by individuals who want to intoxicate or sedate others. In recent years, there has been an increase in reports of club drugs used to commit sexual assaults.
What follows is an overview of the scientific data we have on several of the most prevalent club drugs. Because many of these drug-use trends are still emerging, some of the data presented here are preliminary. Toward this end, we have established a link to provide scientific information about club drugs - www.clubdrugs.org.
Some Facts About Club Drugs
Rohypnol
For information on Rohypnol please view our Rohypnol page.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Slang or Street Names: Ecstasy, XTC, X, Adam,
Clarity, Lover's Speed
MDMA was developed and patented in the early 1900's as a chemical precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Chemically, MDMA is similar to the stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. MDMA can produce both stimulant and psychedelic effects.
- Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) are drugs chemically similar to MDMA.
- MDMA is taken orally, usually in a tablet or a capsule. MDMA's effects last approximately 3 to 6 hours, though confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoia have been reported to occur even weeks after the drug is taken.
- MDMA can produce a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure and a sense of alertness like that associated with amphetamine use.
- The stimulant effects of
MDMA, which enable users to dance for extended periods, may also lead
to dehydration, hypertension, and heart or kidney failure.
MDMA can be extremely dangerous in high doses. It can cause a marked increase in body temperature (malignant hyperthermia) leading to the muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure reported in some fatal cases at raves. MDMA use may also lead to heart attacks, strokes, and seizures in some users.
MDMA is neurotoxic. Chronic use of MDMA was found, first in laboratory animals and more recently in humans, to produce long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to the neurons that release serotonin, and consequent memory impairment.
*MDMA use has been reported across the country, cities in which MDMA use has been reported inlcude: Chicago, Denver, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, San Francisco, Austin, Seattle, Boston, Detroit, New York, St. Louis, Dallas, and Washington, D.C.
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
Slang or Street Names: Grievous Bodily Harm,
G, Liquid Ecstasy, Georgia Home Boy
GHB can be produced in clear liquid, white powder, tablet, and capsule forms, and it is often used in combination with alcohol, making it even more dangerous. GHB has been increasingly involved in poisonings, overdoses, "date rapes," and fatalities. The drug is used predominantly by adolescents and young adults, often when they attend nightclubs and raves. GHB is often manufactured in homes with recipes and ingredients found and purchased on the Internet.
- GHB is usually abused either for its intoxicating/sedative/euphoriant properties or for its growth hormone-releasing effects, which can build muscles.
- Some individuals are synthesizing GHB in home laboratories. Ingredients in GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol, can also be converted by the body into GHB. These ingredients are found in a number of dietary supplements available in health food stores and gymnasiums to induce sleep, build muscles, and enhance sexual performance.
- GHB is a central nervous system depressant that can relax or sedate the body. At higher doses it can slow breathing and heart rate to dangerous levels.
- GHB's intoxicating effects begin 10 to 20 minutes after the drug is taken. The effects typically last up to 4 hours, depending on the dosage. At lower doses, GHB can relieve anxiety and produce relaxation; however, as the dose increases, the sedative effects may result in sleep and eventual coma or death.
- Overdose of GHB can occur
rather quickly, and the signs are similar to those of other sedatives:
drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, headache, loss of consciousness, loss
of reflexes, impaired breathing, and ultimately death.
- GHB is cleared from the
body relatively quickly, so it is sometimes difficult to detect in emergency
rooms and other treatment facilities.
*Cities in which GHB use has been reported include: Detroit, Phoenix, Honolulu, Miami, New York , Atlanta, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Dallas, Seattle, San Francisco, San Diego, New Orleans, Newark, Los Angeles, Baltimore, Boston, and Denver.
Ketamine
Slang or Street Names: Special K, K, Vitamin
K, Cat Valiums
Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic that has been approved for both human and animal use in medical settings since 1970. About 90 percent of the ketamine legally sold today is intended for veterinary use.
- Ketamine gained popularity
for abuse in the 1980s, when it was realized that large doses cause
reactions similar to those associated with use of phencyclidine (PCP),
such as dream-like states and hallucinations.
- Ketamine is produced in
liquid form or as a white powder that is often snorted or smoked with
marijuana or tobacco products. In some cities (Boston, New Orleans,
and Minneapolis/St. Paul, for example), ketamine is reportedly being
injected intramuscularly.
- At higher doses, ketamine can cause delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, high blood pressure, depression, and potentially fatal respiratory problems.
- Low-dose intoxication from
ketamine results in impaired attention, learning ability, and memory.
*Cities in which Ketamine use has been reported include: Seattle, Miami, New York, Chicago, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Newark, Boston, Detroit, New Orleans, and San Diego.
Methamphetamine
Slang or Street Names: Speed, Ice, Chalk, Meth,
Crystal, Crank, Fire, Glass
Methamphetamine is a toxic, addictive stimulant that affects many areas of the central nervous system. The drug is often made in clandestine laboratories from relatively inexpensive over-the-counter ingredients. It is being used by diverse groups, including young adults who attend raves, in many regions of the country.
Available in many forms, methamphetamine can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested.
- Methamphetamine is a white,
odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in
beverages.
- Methamphetamine is not sold
in the same way as many other illicit drugs; it is typically sold through
networks, not on the street.
- Methamphetamine use is associated
with serious health consequences, including memory loss, aggression,
violence, psychotic behavior, and potential cardiac and neurological
damage.
- Methamphetamine abusers
typically display signs of agitation, excited speech, decreased appetite,
and increased physical activity levels.
- Methamphetamine is neurotoxic.
Methamphetamine abusers may have significant reductions in dopamine
transporters.
- Methamphetamine use can
contribute to higher rates of transmission of infectious diseases, especially
hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.
*Cities in which Methamphetamine use has been reported include: San Diego, San Francisco, Phoenix, Atlanta, St. Louis, Denver, Dallas, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Philadelphia, Seattle, and many rural regions of the country.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Slang or Street Names: Acid, Boomers, Yellow
Sunshines
LSD is a hallucinogen. It induces abnormalities in sensory perceptions. The effects of LSD are unpredictable depending on the amount taken, on the surroundings in which the drug is used, and on the user's personality, mood, and expectations.
- LSD is typically taken by
mouth. It is sold in tablet, capsule, and liquid forms as well as in
pieces of blotter paper that have absorbed the drug.
- Typically an LSD user feels
the effects of the drug 30 to 90 minutes after taking it. The physical
effects include dilated pupils, higher body temperature, increased heart
rate and blood pressure, sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness,
dry mouth, and tremors.
- LSD users report numbness,
weakness, or trembling, and nausea is common.
- There are two long-term
disorders associated with LSD, persistent psychosis and hallucinogen
persisting perception disorder (which used to be called "flashbacks").
*Cities in which LSD use has been reported include: Boston, Detroit, Seattle, Chicago, Denver, New Orleans, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Phoenix.
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How can I lower my risk?
- Watch your drink.
- Watch out for each others.
- Avoid punch bowls.
- Open your own bottle or container - don't accept opened drinks.
- Tell others about club drugs. Awareness is a major factor in this or any other kinds of abuse.
- Remember that most club drugs are odorless, colorless and tasteless and can be added to ANY drink - even water.