A
Abbey of Christ the King 679
Abravenel, Don Isaac (Kabbalist) 616
Abyss, ultimate, in literary fashions 445
Access in recruitment 439
Accommodation
and symbolic reciprocity 641
movement's strategies toward 641
Acculturation xxvi, 173, 604
and revitalization 593
as evolution 711
Asian responses to 632
bilateral 209
folk belief in 525
in the service of rebellion 531
nature of 709
sacred center motif in 447
sleeping hero motif in 446
stress in 711
universality of 170, 379, 407
Acculturation theory 5, 407, 602,
inadequacy of 398
and syncretism 543
Action-patterns, types of 787
Adesina, Muhammad Jumat (Yoruba Mahdi) 215
Adso of Montier-en-Dur (French prophet) 476
Adventists, Caribbean 147
Aesthetic theory 569, 678
Aetherius Society 719
African movements, types of 461
African Orthodox Church 252
Ahmad, Muhammad (Sudanese mahdi) 130
Åkerblom, Maria (Swedish prophet) 103
Al Dajjal (Islamic antichrist) 130
Aladuras, Yoruba 543
Alice Movement 619
Alienation
and millennialism 382
motivating factor 786
negotiation of 577
vs. anomie 322
Alpha et Omega movement 679
American civil religion 18, 20, 21, 81-83, 293
defined 19
theory, critique of 727
Anabaptism 300
Analogies vs. homologies 449
Ananda Cooperative Village 520
Anarchists, Andalusian 348
Animal language and shamanism 589
Animalism
and sacred ecstasy 232, 234
Anomie 5
Anthropology of experience 446
Antichrist
controls money 490
derivation of 477
European Union and490
in contemporary society 242, 490
in medieval dissent literature 418
myths of 118, 264
Anti-cult movement, bigotry of 487
Antinomianism 768
Antiochus IV (Syrian despot) as Antichrist 447
Anti-structure and ecstasy 508. See also Communitas,
Liminality
Apocalypses
ambiguity of 779
and utopianism 387
and Western dualism 14
as authentic visions 661
as end-determined fictions 385
attributes of Jewish 182, 255
esoteric lore in 118
generic features of 12, 183, 184
knowledge in Jewish 306
literary 217
nuclear 321
medieval, and later movements 451
modern 386, 445
overview of 185
Persian influence on Jewish 767
rhetoric of 748
science fiction as 748
secrecy of 12
traditional 118
UFO encounters as 574
Zodiac in 409
Apocalypticism
American 779
among missionaries 308
as source of messianism 306
in contemporary culture 738
Jewish 182, 306
Apostasy
and commitment 72
defined 626
process of 367
social basis of 360
Apostates as deprogrammers 626
Apostles of Infinite Love movement 362
Arianhdit's movement 357
Arnold, Matthew (English author) and modern apocalypses
445
Art, apocalyptic imagery in 478
Artes moriendi 23
Asceticism, millenarian 400
Ashkenazim and millenarism 616
Assembly, The 325
Astrological symbolism in Revelation 409
Astrology 486
fused with millenarism 156
Atrocity stories
and deprogramming 644
as effective polemic 626
Austin, David (American prophet) 196
Authority
delegation deflects resentment 373
foreign, legitimizes ideas 461
Moses's 562
Awakenings, great 480, 481, 498
diagnosed by millenarism 59
Aztec empire 404
Return to top
B
Baalism 13
Babism, millenarism in 638
Baha'i 638
BaKongo (African tribe) 16
Banoenaek, Maria (Timorese spiritist) 127
Baptism as basis of African-American religion 252
Behaviorism 33
and conversion 736
Belief
central to legends 204
closed system of 254, 283, 439
coherence in 553
in healing rituals 420
inconsistency in not problematic 553
invalidated by explanation 357
lacks external justification 456
maintenance of 439
mass vs. elite 186
more natural than doubt 640
nature of 129
orthodoxy, predictors of 272
personal relationships and 187
resiliency of 640
rejection of 456
secondary elaboration of 254
sociological fact of 539, 647, 753
substantiated by denial 692
supernatural and childhood experience 646
systems of 114
tests of 321, 398, 503, 647
unconditional 456
Berg, David B. ("Moses David", American
prophet) 721
charisma of 725
Birsa Munda (Indian prophet) 5
Black Coyote (Ghost Dance leader) 391
Black Jews 252
Bo and Peep movement (AKA Heaven's Gate) 42, 44, 89
defection from 45
Boehm, Jacob (German mystic) 683
Bolsheviks
ideology 459
and sexual license 231
Brainwashing xxxi
absent from NRMs 181
and evil eye beliefs 323
as core issue in hostility to NRMs 74
critique of 55
ideology of in Anti-Cult movements 126
ineffectiveness of 364
rhetoric of 72
studies of 576
theory 128, 316
universal in polemical rhetoric 190
Brethren of the Free Spirit 177, 179, 381,
417
Bridge-building in defection 45
Britain and national destiny 458
British Millerites 97
Brotherhood of the Sun 686
Brown, John (American abolitionist)
influence on tribal peoples 249, 482, 586
Buddhism, soteriology in 462
Bureaucracy
charismatic 288, 504, 753
vs. patriarchy 732
Return to top
C
Cagoule movement 219
Calvinism as non-millenarian 155
Campbell, Alexander (American reformer) 290
Campbell, Mary (English prophet) 619
Cao Dai movement 340
Cargo
as salvation 685
disproportionate value of 647
fulfills prophecy 636
irrelevance of 561
Cargo cult "madness" and mythic continuity
446
Cargo cults 93, 391, 470
as regimes of truth 434
big man system in 175
critique of theories of 647
depend on guilt 141
emotionalism in 647
formation process 647
functionalism fails to account for 371
history and 446
history of 162
hypotheses about whites in 371
in relation to exchange 134
paranoia in 604
political reform and 482
rationality of 247
reappearance of following failures 371
regional unity and 371
status and 663
theories of 370
typology of 364
western goods in 289
world renewal motif in 233
Carnival, anti-structure in 509, 734
Catharism, psychopathology of 625
Catholic Apostolic Church 619. See also Irvingites
Change
personal and social in millenarism 711
social, as context for NRMs 75
Chanjiri's movement 620
Charisma
alien to modernity 688
ambiguity of 429, 542, 732
antinomianism and 547
anti-structure and 732
arises in latency structures 682
as process 548, 769
as social construct 268
as total conviction 484
as trust 753
attributes of 688, 769
becomes tradition 769
cannibalism and 422
contexts for the emergence of 62, 688
conversion and 416
covenant and 562
danger and 268
de-alienation and 62
defined 622, 726
dependency and 373
dilemmas of 373, 375
epilepsy legitimates 204, 732
evokes hatred 688
exclusively sacred 605
extraordinary needs and 732
failure of 529, 618
female 602
Hasidic 261
in churches 89
in communes 775
in Hasidism 617
in sects 89
in traditional societies 753
index of attributes 138
instability of 732
institutional 90, 622
interactional nature of 155, 592, 753
irrationality legitimates 482
kyphotic posture legitimates 105
literacy and 268, 542
marginality of 753
miracles and xxviii, 373
neutrality of 688
opposition and 675
patrimonial authority and 675
perception of xxviii, 732
political 226, 605
potentially destructive 250
psychopathology of 398
rationality of 371
routinization of 675
situational 688
spirit possession 178, 422
self-defeat in 675
social integration and 658
sustained by erratic behavior 439, 482, 547
test of 592
total devotion and 727
unpredictability of 688
vs. deviance 5
Charismatic bureaucracy 288, 504, 753
Charismatic demand, concept of 753
Charismatic leaders as heros 732
Charismatic tradition of origin 769
Cheyenne tribe and the Ghost Dance 303
Children as valid prophets 519
Children of God movement 199, 243, 721
structural changes in 723
Chilembwe, John (African prophet) 433, 586
motives of 586
prophetic career of 586
suppositious psychology of 586
Chiliasm defined 602
Chitawala-Kitawala movement 620
Cho, Rev. Yonggi (Korean prophet) 170
Chreod defined 423
Christadelphian movement 670
Christianity
as a "package deal" 308
as millenarism 273, 365
diversity in 433
divisions of early 275
historical context of earliest 431
promises of eternal life taken literally 308
secret lore in 308, 482, 692
Church of Satan movement 10
Church Universal and Triumphant 224
Church-sect typology 89, 116, 206, 294, 577
attacked 227, 366
value of 372. See also Yinger, Milton
Churchill, Winston 688
Clarkson, Lawrence (English prophet) 179
Class and power-oriented movements 500
components of 439
and maintenance of faith 439
religion as 356
Cognitive dissonance
as causative xxvi, 398
as researcher's problem 640
Cognitive dissonance theory 254, 439, 785
and secondary elaboration 321
as mere common sense 187
critique of 783
Cold War, millenarism in 109
Colonialism xix
ambiguity of 16
and displacement 41
Commitment xix
acculturation and 414
alienation and 786
among recruits 786
as forcing God's hand 482
as investment 416
as test of belief 503
"bridge-burning" as 254, 286, 416
conversion and 383
components of 345, 416
cult formation and 484
dimensions of 256
humiliation in 416
modes of 416
religion and 284
sectarian politics and 368
surrender as 743
types of 384
Communes, North American 775
Communism
appeal of 459
as millennial 384
Communitarianism and demodernization 361
Communitas xx, 508, 695, 696, 698. See also
Liminality, Anti-structure
and pilgrimage 508
in millenarism 416
Compensation theory
critique of 219
devalues religion 287
Compensator theory xxxvii, 35, 36, 648, 650, 653
critique of 44, 262, 727, 728
Competition in American religion 497
Complex marriage at Oneida 529
Composition, formulaic in Spiritual sermons 585
Comte, Auguste (French philosopher) 121
Concerned Relatives (anti-cult movement) 315
Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ 679
Consciousness, altered states of in religion 117
Conseilhero movement (AKA Canudos)195, 205, 549
Consensus in communes 775
Consistency in religion 553
Contestado movement 205, 549
Conversion
perception of passivity in 454
as attack on tradition 314
as sudden leap 89
as total personality change 540
compensators theory and 649
critique of process theory 440
facilitating factors of 758
follows participation 123
friendship and 439
medical model of 72
motivation theory and 123
motives for 706
neurological bases of 425
organization opposes 524
personal choice in 454, 664
problem-solving rhetoric in 439
process theory 36, 72, 220, 323, 439, 454, 607
psychological view of 220
re-socialization in 88
revision of the past in 42
rewards of 439
stages of 91
studies of 578
therapeutic value of xviii, 44
trivial reasons for 687
universal readiness for 484
vs. attraction 786
Converts' careers 439
Conviction, therapeutic value of xviii, 711
Coppe, Abiezer (English prophet) career 179
Correspondence, doctrine of in folklore 328
Cosmologies
African 357, 472, 473
American 109, 332, 458
Ghost Dance 249
indigenous 569
Joachimist 555
Maoist 564
Melanesian 364, 371, 604
traditional 222
Counterculture
anomic, and NRMs 679
communitas in 508
symbolism in 113
Coups d'etat, sources of 688
Criminalization as legitimating device 491
Crises
timing of 394
and recourse to myths 456
Crisis cult, defined 398
Criticism, mutual, at Oneida 529
Cult
defined 513, 560
formation of 300, 560
ideal type of 151
meaning of 366
Cults
carriers of cultural "genes" 40
deception characteristic of 243
deviance in 560
polemic against 466
theories of 371
typology of 366, 707
vs. churches 240
vs. sects 571, 716-718, 722
Cultural theory 483
Culture, Freudian theory of 397
Culture crisis and institutions 228
Culture shock theory 352
Cursillo movement 402
Curve of rising action 647
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D
D'Aurillac, Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II) 244
Dahlén, Ruth (Swedish mystic) 380
Date-setting as heresy 587
De la Vega, Garcilaso (Inca author) 709
Death
as relative deprivation 574
meaningful and rebellion 303, 482, 586
Defensiveness and encapsulated groups 628
Déima movement 291
history of 391
DeLaurence, William Lauron (American magician) 238
Demonic element in religion 448
Denominational affiliation and cognitive organization
555
Denominations
and religiosity 311, 312
as social type 372
vs. sects and cults 465
Deobandi movement 24
Deprivation. See also Relative deprivation
and conversion 296
necessary but insufficient cause 294
types of 294
Deprogramming
and atrocity stories 644
and witch hunts 627
as brainwashing 323
supported by Anti-Cult movement 126
Deviance
allocations of 246, 218
as movement strategy 497
as self-definition 497
Dialectic
as closed system 459
as explanatory principle 459
Diggers 49, 210
Dipanagara, Prince (Javanese prophet) 3
Disaster
as millennial context 17, 58, 638
syndrome 58, 713
Disciples in relation to leaders 301, 688
Disconfirmation, strategies for dealing with 413
Dissent, religious and millennial prophecy 418
Divination
defined 699
principles of 356
Divine Light Mission 220, 265, 554
Divinity, acceptable claims to 739
Doctrine
appeal of logical coherence in 73
as unrealistic 783
Donatist movement 131, 132
and religious suicide 580
Drama
curve of rising action in 300
millennium as xxix, 647
Dramatization as legitimating device 491
Dualism
in belief systems xxx
innovative in apocalypses 306
Duvalier, François and Jean-Claude (Haitian
dictators) 688
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E
Eckhardt, Meister (German mystic) 683
Ecology movement, apocalypticism in 600, 748
Economics in Melanesian cosmology 364
Edwards, Jonathan (American divine) 136, 657
millennialist thought of 656
Egalitarian politics, contradictions in 507
Elema tribe 175
Encounter movement 336
ahistoricity of 757
and Pietism 527
End of the world, images of, as schizophrenic 430
English Panacea Society 619. See also Southcott,
Joanna
Ephemeral movements, American 377
Epp, Claas Jr. (Mennonite prophet) 76
Eschatology
African-American 248
and types of religion 52
Christian; surveyed 137
consonant with modernity 684
ecology movement's 600
early Christian 27
fundamentalist, and nuclear arms 735
Hasidic 597
Islamic 635, 674
Jehovah's Witnesses' 460, 544, 785
Jewish 319, 597
liberal 494
Marxist 782
medieval 565
Nation of Islam's 261, 460
necessity of xxix, 385
new-world pioneers' 236
progressivist 97, 137
schizophrenic 430
types of 106, 353
Eschaton equal to creation
403
est as moral mediator
681
Evangelism, growth of through retention 95
Expressiveness as salvation 753
Extended families and millenarism 546
Return to top
F
Failure
as success in millennial thought 439
cultural repertoires of 783
explanation of 783
Faith
and face 413
crisis in among junior clergy 79
maintenance of 439
Family of Love 39, 518. See also Manson, Charles,
Manson Family
Fang (African tribe) 16
Fard, D.W. (American prophet) 94
Farm, The 336
Father Divine Peace Mission 139, 245, 252
Feminism, sources of 423
Fieldwork
difficulties in 453, 581
methodology 573
Fifth Monarchy Men 210
Fin de siecle, history of 603
Folk belief
Mormon 191
not precluded by church membership 310
systems of 107
Folk ideas and traditional cosmology 222
Folk psychiatry, overview of 388
Folk religion
attributes of 749
defined 774
vs official 111
Folklore
and millennialism 568
and scientific fact 358
and social change 568
Christian elements in 133
Neo-Platonism in 328
Formulaic composition 585
Fourth Philosophy movement 431
Fox, Robert (English prophet) 44
Franciscan Spirituals 476
and millennialism 552
Frank, Jacob (Jewish prophet) 598
Fresh contact 46
Freud's views of religion 235
Full Gospel Central Church 170
Functionalist theories
defects in 371
in the sociology of religion 153
Fundamentalism
Christian 46, 115
Islamic 24
Funeral Rites and millennialism 108
Fusion in ritual and theology 68
Future, the. See also Time, Cosmologies
in African cosmology 472
in Joachimist cosmology 555
nature of 574
Futurology, psychology of 471
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G
Garrison, William Lloyd (American abolitionist) 302
Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican prophet) 491
influence on black movements 731
Gedatsu-Kai movement 223
Gemeinde defined 675
Gender roles, inappropriate 103
Ghandi's charismatic tactics 548
Ghost Dance 157, 249, 258, 376, 496, 703,
antecedents of 645
as quest for power 461
BIA and 501
cosmology of 249
cultural significance of 419
history of 391
Navajo tribe 343, 534
prophetic process and 532
revives tradition 419
Pawnee tribe 534
Sioux tribe 534
recollections of 303
suppositious Mormon influence on 174
white views of 534
Glossolalia. See also Trance
and personality "improvement" 450
and trance 369
as performance 363, 369
commitment and 345
cross-cultural similarities in 298, 299
guiding myth in 345
interpretation of 345
learning of 121
not pathological 570
psychology of 570
temporal process of 300
typology of 469
Gnosticism
and totalitarianism 733
in early Jewish literature 182
vs. Christianity 301
God, western ideas of 295
Grace, Daddy (American prophet) 12
Grid and group typology 564
Guru Maharaj Ji (Indian guru) 265
Gush Emunim movement 30
Gusii (tribe) 768
Return to top
H
Handsome Lake (Seneca leader) 703
and mazeway resynthesis 712
prophetic career 712
Quaker influence on 712
Hasidism 740
Hau Hau movement 3. See also Pai Maire
Healers and patients 420
Healing as legitimate medicine 214
Hegel, G.W.F. 259
Heresiology as invariant polemic 190
Heresy
and dissent 418
as choice 710
as treason to God 710
impurity of 689
politics of 710, 784
Heretics, attributes of 689
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 679
Himes, Joshua V. (American movement leader) 26, 378
as abolitionist 302
Hinduism as world religion 614
Hippie movement, contradictions in 508
and totalism 508
History
meaninglessness of 607
in the rhetoric of NRMs 757
Hitler, Adolf 122
as charismatic figure 268, 502, 548
Hoa Hoa movement 340
Holiness Church and rituals of spiritual growth 395
Holy Apostles Church 65
Holy Water movement 392
Homeorhesis, defined 423
Honmichi movement 623
Hope and imagination 211
Huichol tribe 508
Human Potential movement
as millennial 384
as shamanism 659
Huniyan, cult of 526
Hussites, history 381
Huxley, Aldous 557
Return to top
I
Ideal Types, sterility of 73
Identity work 395
Ideology
as cultural system 283
as pathological 283
sociology of 621
Idiosyncracy credit 641
Individualism in ideas of death 23
Influence, demographic measures of 739
Influence, religious and interaction 745
Information and structure 449
Inquisition, history of 689
Institutionalization Introduction
in modernity 362
problems of 524
Institutions
and "latency structures" 682
anti-institutional 558
defined 88
interdependency of 67
legitimization of 88
Integration, social levels of 658
Intelligentsia as movement leaders 682. See also
Peasants
Interest theory 283
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
624
Inversion, symbolic as corrective feedback 31
Iroquois masking tradition 105
Irvingite movement 11. See also Catholic Apostolic
Church
and relative deviancy 577
Islam 10, 13
African 357
contexts of renewal in 24
seen as cult 466
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J
"Janiformity" and world renewal 231
Jehovah's Witnesses 73
and doctrinal change 665
and Nazis 389
in the Caribbean 362
influence on African movements 433
revise prophecies 335
Jesus 44
as millenarian prophet 274
second coming of, in Islam 130
Jesus People movement 4, 46
as research subjects 581
Jewish Defense League 563
Jews, Messianic 563
Jihads in American history 423
Joachim of Fiore 242, 475, 476, 565
influence of 567
third dispensation 242, 476
Job, Book of 306
John Frum movement 233, 753
history of 391
Jones, Jim 297, 572, 580. See also Peoples'
Temple, Suicide, religious
Jonestown 203. See also Peoples' Temple, Suicide,
religious
antecedents of 580
caused by brainwashing 314
wide awareness of 56
Judaism 13
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich (Austrian novelist)
76
Jurieu, Pierre (French prophet) 210
Return to top
K
Kakistes See Kimbangu
Kaliai tribe 188
Kanwama's movement 620
Karma, nature of 553
Keresan pueblo 334
Kerista movement 336
,A NAME=Kimbangu>Kimbangu movement 41
history of 391
Kimbangu, Simon (African prophet) 16, 753
Kinesthetics and social movements 602
King Ludwig the German 77
King Philip II as Inca savior 709
King, Dr. George (English prophet) 719
Krishnamurti 679
Return to top
L
La Palma Sola movement 362
Lactantius (church father) 476
Lakwena movement 515
Latency structures 682
Leader
begins revitalization 711
interdependent with movement 688
Leary, Timothy (American guru) 408
Lee, Mother Ann (English prophet) 619. See also
Shakers
as the second coming 266
Legend
belief and 204
factual basis of 201
Legitimacy
deep vs. consensual 734
pluralistic 717
Legitimization, preparation as 364
problems of 124
Lenin, V.I. as secular messiah 502, 688
Levellers 210
Levites 34
Levitt, Samuel (utopian novelist) 285
Liberation, symbolic, in cargo cults 446
Liminality. See also Communitas
concept of 695, 696
in millennialism 143, 416
sustains a movement 317
Litch, Josiah (American prophet) 6
Lofland, John critique of methodology 29, 189, 453.
See also Network theory
Love, instability of 775
Lovebombing (Unification Church recruitment technique)
88, 440
Loyola, Ignatius and role theory 380
LSD movement 408
Luria, Isaac (Kabbalist) 740
Lyndon B. Johnson movement 145
Return to top
M
Machiavelli, Nicolo and anti-utopianism 259
Magic 10
belief in 687
essential to salvation 752
Mahdi (Islamic messiah) 130
Mahikari movement 362
Maji Maji movement 5, 357
Mamaia movement 561
Manhattan Project 7
Manson, Charles 39, 518. See also Family of
Love.
and mysticism 776
Mansren movement 233
Marginality
and legitimization 551
and the prophetic career 586
innovates 697
symbols of 221
Martyrdom and rebellion 586
Marx, Karl 297, 688
Marxism
as inversion of Roman Catholicism 782
as religion 294, 295, 782
Mather, Cotton (American divine) 657
Matswa, Andre (African prophet) 41
Mazeway 44, 666
and learning theory 449
and role theory 380
concept of 711, 712
critique of 58
disintegration and shock 713
resynthesis 712
McCarthy, Eugene: movement as compromise sect 577
Mechanic preachers 210
Meher Baba movement 19
Melville, Herman 86
Men in Black and UFOlogists 583
Mennonites, Russian 76
Mesmerism as source of social anomalies 61
Message, religious, concreteness of 524
necessarily relevant 524
Messiahs as alien 619
Messianic idea, history of 575
Messianism
Brazilian 154, 547
defined 403
in relation to mysticism 740
Inca 531
Jewish 85, 598
religious vs. revolutionary 225
types of 546
Methodism basis of African-American religion 252
Millenarism
a category of failure 209
absent in Mennonitism 76
absurd 741
African 433
ambiguous 259, 400, 502, 670
American 128, 458, 467
American revivals and 639
as heresy 259
as paradigm shift 396
as political 769
as pre-political 549, 670
as value-added process 633
awakenings and 59
basis of American Civil religion 333, 423
Brazilian 205, 545, 569
Ceylonese 462
collectivity and 727
contexts of 602
creativity of 78, 502
defined 177, 329, 403, 588, 602, 672, 726
diagnostic of awakenings 59
emotionalism in 670
English Puritanism and 176, 400
factors in 177
French sources of American 208
general problems in 58
healing and anti-witchcraft in 461
in American cosmology 109, 332, 458
in the English civil war 339, 759
inconsistent beliefs in 196
indigenous 462
indistinct from revolution 596
Japanese 104, 623
Javanese 704
Jewish 616
medieval 178
Mormon 119, 523
not marginal 610
overview of studies of 144, 601, 602, 634
political activism and 400
primitive vs. modern 638
primordial time in 607
progressivism and 701
psychopathology and Introduction, 58, 584
Puritan, as historiography 176
radicalism and 176
rationality of 371
recapitulates history 143
religious vs. revolutionary 505
revivals and 59, 87, 270
Russian and Bolshevism 504
social context of 219
subordination in 593
sustained by mundane events 439
system of symbolic action 207
tradition and 424
typology of 502, 670
ungeneralizable 371
universality of 292
utopianism and 58, 329, 400
vs. demotic religion 749
vs. nationalism 341
Millennium
ambiguity of 155
as counterculture 613
contexts of Introduction
failure of 261
Judaeo-Christian ideas of 702
liminality in 143
nature of 143
restores creation 230
transition between orders 65
Miller, William (American prophet)
as abolitionist 302
career of 213, 378
self-doubts 378
Millerism 15, 25, 97
Abolitionism and 302
British 97
defense of 516
demography of 587
fanaticism in 606
heresy in 213
history of 25, 97, 147
in relation to Adventism 149
insanity in 522
modern propaganda in 587
opposition to 643
orthodoxy of 587, 591
Miracles, manipulated 753
Mission des Noirs. See
Kimbangu
Missionaries
ideas of in Melanesia 371
promise material reward 308
Mita movement 362
Mnao, Juliana (Timorese spiritist) 127
Modernization
and religion Introduction
defined 588
Monasticism
as rebellion 260, 506
history of 260
Monetary system controlled by Antichrist 490
Money
and millenarism 143
and unitary value 588
Monotheism and secularization 588
Moon, Sun Myung (Korean prophet) 57, 126, 170, 491,
582, 666. See also Unification Church
Moorish Science Temple of America 252
Morality and deviance mutually definitive 218
Morality theories, critique of 308
Moravians 210
Mormonism 14, 191
as modern religion 216
as unamerican and hyper-american 342
Motifs
acclamation 748
amulets 515, 563
ancestor-worship 464
Angel Pope 566
apocalyptic 184
archaic 305
axis mundi 232
Bible, first page removed 692
book, divine, secrecy of 692
brainwashed appearance 43
computer ("The Beast") as Antichrist 490
conversion 437
cosmic anxiety 619
culture-hero 423
el monte as generalized
home 464
end of the world as political symbol 150
fire guards paradise 232
"43ism" in Millerite belief 213
from Revelation in Nazism 122
going home 464
golden age, Chinese 110
Götterdämmerung
708
Guinée as generalized home 464
identity 248, 457
in black nationalism 100
inversion, in carnival, festivals etc. 13
journey 693
king as savior 709
Last Judgement in Western art 10
Last World Emperor 418
leveling of mountains 432
literacy and secrets 692
Luanda as generalized home 464
medieval and modern folklore 669
migration 2
national destiny, British 458
papal Antichrist 242
portentous symmetry 267
powerful secret knowledge 692
primordial purity 607
rebel angels 306
religious defined 89
religious in Marxism 782
resentment 502
return and history 230
return in Afro-American song 464
return of culture hero 156, 167, 403, 446, 447,
452
revenge 547, 685
sacred center 447
secret Christian lore 692
sexual in religions 32
666 490
surprise in cargo cults 289
T'ai P'ing 611
third dispensation in Nazism and Communism 242
thirty-six just men 598
ultimate abyss 445
unchanging apocalyptic 748
withdrawal 2, 382
women as sources of evil 463
world renewal 231
world renewal in schizophrenia 181
world reversal 172, 267, 463, 631
world-rejection 80
wrong thinking 104
year reversal 631
Motivations, uniform and demagoguery 715
Motives
and religious membership 366
mixed in religion 524
Mt. Sinai Holy Church of America 252
Movements
and change Introduction
appeal of judged 786
as fads 758
as rectification 636
context for charisma 688
drama in 421
development of 344
growth of 688
interdependency of 193
power-oriented 500
reasons for failure of 521
religious, characteristics of 506
social implosion in 727
types of 502, 752
values vs. survival in declining 489
within organizations 777
Muspilli (medieval poem) 77
Mystagogue 719
Mystical experience
and personal religion 354
attributes of 557
types of 557
vs. prophetic 677
Mystical groups, sociology of 366
Mysticism
and evil 776
in relation to messianism 740
Jewish 597
sociological views of 89
Mystics, medieval as neurotics 493
Myth-dream, concept of 141
Myths
and rebellion 586
and ritual 488
as records of millenarism 711, 714
biological bases of 194
charismatic authority and 750
culture-bringer and prophetic careers 399
discrepant reality in 283
guiding Introduction, 601
in Brazilian millenarism 510
incongruities as keys to 636
legitimization of 456
nature of 409
Native Americans as lost ten tribes 119
Nero as Antichrist 477
of the return of the dead 233
origin of peyote 557
performance of and power 607
recourse to in crisis 194
religious as last resort 380
structural analysis of 412
Tiamat 118
twentieth century as especially critical time 385
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N
Naked cult 231, 234
Narcissism among cultists 528
Nasser, Gamel 688
Nathan of Gaza (Sabbatean leader) 783
Nation of Islam 94, 248, 731
eschatology of 261
National Rifle Association Introduction
as conservative movement 294
Native American Church
history of 556
new interpretation of Christianity 692. See also
Peyotism, Myths.
Nativism
defined 435
19th-century American 282
syncretism in 407
typology of 435
western 435
Navajo tribe 2
and the Ghost Dance 343, 534
Naziism 122, 288
and Christian sects 389
millennial 259
Near-death experience as prophetic vision 482, 574,
711, 712
and conversion effect 778
medieval and modern compared 778
Negativity, objects of 685
Network theory Introduction, 19, 38, 39, 624
and conversion 642. See also Lofland, John
Neurobiology
and prophets 690
and ritual 700
New Harmony (American socialist community) 521
New Left and relative deviancy 577
New religious consciousness theory
refuted 486
Newton, Sir Isaac 257
Nirvana transcends God 776
Nixon, Richard 57
Nixon, William (English prophet) 612
Noise, The (Melanesian movement) 482
Noyes, John Humphrey (American prophet) 61, 77, 423,
529
biographical sketch of 350
NRMs
American, overview of 487
and world order 772
brainwashing absent 181
characteristics of 39
client centered 100
common features of 780
counterculture and 681
crisis of community and 180
cultural hostages 757
distribution of 655
ethics in 680
gender roles in 8, 9
heuristic value of 53, 724
legitimacy problems in 124
ideas of history 757
importance of 770
in Nigeria 474
in the 1960's 152
legitimacy issue 59
media and 626, 757
membership as deviant 35
moral accountability in 101
narcissistic 189, 744
novelty of 758
new religious consciousness in refuted 486
opposition and conflict of interest 125, 126
paranoid leadership in 727
pre-political 588
psychiatry and 278
psychological dependence absent in 277
redundant populations and 588
rhetoric of 757
significance of 660
social hostility towards 74
sociological stereotyping of 73
sociology of 34, 35, 36, 53, 73, 578, 579
surveys of 99, 771
threaten the middle class 190
Nuclear Death Cult 7
Numerology
and dating the End 631
folk 267
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O
Obere Okaimi Church 3
Obreros conscientes (Spanish
anarchist leaders) 348
Occult
and millennial progressivism 479
and secularization of the demonic 683
as source of modernity 683
as technological alternative 454
as technology of esoteric lore 683
Cagoule movement and 683
Carbonari movement and 683
conversion to 454
establishment 468
Freemasons and 683
groups, attributes of 683
Illuminati and 683
Ku Klux Klan and 683</FONT>
literature 468
Négritude movement
and 683
New Age and 279
playfulness of 687
reasons for conversion to 687
romanticism and 683
revival of 229
revival and millenarism 279
Sinn Fein and 683
Surrealism and 683
Symbolist movement and 683
Young Italy and 683
Old Believers and religious suicide 580
Olivi, Peter John (Franciscan leader) 140
Oneida community, failure of 529
Oneiromancy in folklore 328
Open marriage, sources of 423
Opposition, arousal of 188
Order of the Star in the East 679
Organizations, movements in 332
Origin, charismatic tradition of 769
Ouija, cult of 560
Owen, John (English socialist) 210
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P
Padre Cicero movement 154, 205, 545, 549
Pai Maire movement 5. See also Hau Hau
Paliau (Melanesian prophet) 391, 482, 586
marginality of 482
Paliau's movement (New Fellow Fashion) 482, 586
Papahurikia movement 561
Paradigm shift theory and millenarism 269
Paradise
ideas of Introduction
myths of 232
presence of, and cargo cults 257
Paranoid ethos 604
in cargo cults 604
rationality of, in colonial societies 586
Parker, Quanah (American prophet) 556
]Past, revision of in conversion 416
Patronage and Brazilian movements 549
Paulsen, Norman (American prophet) 686
Pawnee tribe and the Ghost Dance 534
Peace Mission movement 63
Peasants, politically sophisticated 58, 431, 596.
See also Intelligentsia
Peli movement 470
Pentecostalism 12, 17, 349
and socialization to central values 202
apocalyptic prophesy in 402
Catholic, history of 330
in a Keresan pueblo 334
networks in 517
structural properties of 286
survey of 349
Peoples' Temple 169, 373, 572. See also Jones,
Jim, Jonestown.
as postapocalyptic 314
as total institution 314
sanity in 572
sexual degradation in 588
use of capitalist tactics 315
Perfectionism 61, 423
prefigured in Ranter doctrine 77
Performance
in healing 420
theories of Introduction
Peter Principle in religious organizations 524
Peyotism, North American 359. See also Native
American Church
Pilate, Pontius (Roman procurator) 121
Pilgrimage, exploration as 447
metaphor of history 567
Pluralism and success of movements 325
Plymouth Brethren 619
Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman (Spanish author) 709
Popular religion, American 749
Post-millenarism 135, 619
and American ideology 559
contradictions in 499
defined 329
doctrine of 200
persistence of 559
Predestination, folk ideas of 600
Prediction
limits to 603
nature of 574
Pre-millenarism 135, 148, 619
Primal Therapy movement 336
Process Church of the Final Judgment 39
Progress as anti-Christian 776
Progressivism
and millenarism 390, 701
based on folk ideas 530
unmeasurable goals of 558
Prophecy
American interpretations of 135
apocalyptic in early Christianity 676
as dramatic dialogue 677
consequences of failure 787
constraints on 146
failure of 670
forged 519
Hebrew, as a profession 146
Islamic 50
Jewish, modern versions of 12
legitimization of 482
nature of 444
not disconfirmable 787
performance of 595
political nature of 444
popular, and legend 612
popular, and propaganda 612
pseudepigraphy in 28
rhetoric of 28
secondary elaboration of 15, 206, 335
social model of 539
types of 89
vs. science 102
vs. mystical experience 677
Prophet Dance 645. See also Ghost Dance
Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (American bore) 224
Prophet, Hebrew, vs. Egyptian vizier 47
Prophetic careers 76
Prophetic movements as creative 403
Prophetic process and the Ghost Dance 532
Prophets
as alienated 502
as paranoid 397
attributes of Hebrew 146
children as 519
emergence of 58
Hebrew 11, 90, 737
Hebrew, and trance 550
Hebrew, as neurotic 550
marginality of Introduction, 205
nature of Introduction
not necessarily charismatic 444
peripheral 550
reasons for failure of 50
self-doubt 50, 378
social placement of 28
types of 760
vs. leaders 688
Proselytization strategies and tactics 439
Protean man, theory of 361, 428
Protestantism
apocalypticism in 401
popular 241
Proudhon, P.J. (French socialist) 297
Psychological analysis of cultists 212
Psychopathology theory 296, 316, 435, 584, 629
critique of 17, 51, 145, 219, 250, 272, 337, 693,
786
tested 644
Puritans 86
as political revolutionaries 729
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Q
Quakers 49
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R
Radicalism 102, 417
Rajneeshee movement 89, 166, 615
Ranters 49, 179, 210
Rastafarianism 731
history and ideology 362
marijuana sacrament 692
Rationalization theory, critique of 746
Reagan, Ronald (American actor) 753
Realism, symbolic 581
Reality, 176
as socially constructed 88
competing versions of 88
Rebirthing movement 336
Recruitment, access in 439
Recruits, commitment among 786
Reductionism 678
critique of 54, 569, 672
forced 573
Redundancy, human 588
Relative deprivation theory Introduction, 2, 5, 12, 35, 48, 58,
602, 769
and Pentecostalism 349
and perceptions of social structure 500
circularity of 720
critique of 564, 601, 645, 678, 720
devalues religion 287
inadequacy of 347
tautology of 287. See also Deprivation
Religion
as rationalization 746
attributes of 456, 587
cause of change 287
competencies of 769
competition in American 497
conjectural origins of 335
conservative 287
consistency in 553
demotic 749
Durkheimian view, inadequacy of 410
failure of 84
imitation legitimates 105
interaction with socialism 350
innovates in society 682
inquiry in 427
interdependent with politics 143, 688
integrative 322
merely expressive 102
monopoly destroyed 91
overview of Native American 703
public rhetoric of 13
rationalization of 69
reactionary 773
source of social innovation 682
stabilizes society 682
stories and 326
supernatural definitive of 769
transformative 322
types of 322, 730
ultimate meaning in 648
varying emphases in 455
vs. "new" religion 322
vs. hypotheses 456
worship in, and methodology 691
Resocialization in millenarism 416
Revelation
defined 699
neurological bases of 425
transforms the prophet 482
Revelation, Book of analyzed 251
Revitalization theory 5, 711
Revitalizations
anti-feminism in 463
pagan, in Russia 463
stages of 19
structure of 700
vs. shamanism 659
Revivals, American, and millenarism 639. See also
Awakenings
Revolution
and millennialism 58
context of 198
English, history of 339
Rewards of conversion 439
Rhetoric, anti-cult 190, 563, 626, 739
Ritual
as controlled dysfunction 363
as performance 284
characteristics of 68
defined 100
faulty categories of 78
legitimate reversal in 734
marginals innovate 697
mechanization of 524
musical communication in 464
neurobiology in 700
percussion and transition 511
sociology of 112
trance and 426
Rivial, Leon (Allan Kardec) magician 393
Role orientation, defined 115
Role suction 58
and charismatic demand 753
Role theory 43, 380, 747
and conversion 123
and glossolalia 351
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 688
Rosencreutz, Christian (CRC) legendary prophet 679
Rosicrucian order 286
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S
Sabbatai Zevi (Jewish messiah) 599, 740, 783
Sabbatean movement 599, 740
Sacralization
defined 70
of society 514
Sacred, double nature of 447
Sacrifice, self-validating 188
St. Augustine 131
as Manichean 260
St. Paul 44
conversion of Introduction
Saint-Simon, C.H.R. (French socialist) 297
Saint-Simonism as charismatic movement 375
Salafiyya movement 10
"Salesman"
as problematic Introduction
as secondary movement leader 64
Salmon, Joseph (English prophet) 179
Salvation
and reciprocity 415
worldly, in millenarism 670
Santa Claus as popular symbol 111
Satanists 495. See also Church of Satan
Savonarola 476
Saya San movement 5
Science
and religious feeling 746
Communism's underpinning 459
replaces religion 295
vs. religion 356
Science Fiction 171
Scientists 7
Scientific bricolage 366
Scientology
in relation to the community 325
influences on 746
transformation from cult to sect 718
Scripture produced to replace the Bible 692
Sebastianismo (Portuguese
messianism) 510
Secondary elaboration 485, 785
Secrecy
conspicuous 416
religious, and tribal peoples 692
Sectarian meaning systems 89
Sects. See also Cults
and social tension 651
culture accommodates to 371
puritanism of 294
societies accommodate to 372
theory of 89, 554
typology of 751
Secularization
arguments for 754
consequences of 688
self-limiting 36, 652
theory 727
theory, critique of 206, 313
Seekers and Seeking Introduction, 42, 52
attributes of 439
entails undefined goals 42
process of 42
Seizures unite movement 482
Self-description and religious paradigms 694
Self-stigmatization as legitimating device 491
Seneca nation 712
Sephardim and millenarism 616
Serrurier, Pierre (English millenarian) 270
Seventh-Day Adventists 362, 619, 675
Sexual license
accusations of 81, 190, 768
and world renewal 231
in millennial movements 143
,A NAME=Shakers>Shakers 619
chastity among 266
doctrine 266
eschatology 266
history 266
importance of 770
influences on 210
Shaman
career parallels prophet's 19, 436
vs. seer 436
Shamanism 422
animal language in 589
charisma and 422, 630
epilepsy and 732
dramatic techniques in 168
glossolalia and 469
hallucinogens and 324
in Human Potential movement 659
in Japanese millenarism 104
paradise in 232
schizophrenia and 630
Sicarii movement 431
Sierra Club Introduction
Signatures, doctrine of in folklore 328
Signs of the End
always present 492
contemporary 304, 467
Sikhism 637
Simon Magus (legendary magician) and esoteric Christianity
692
Sio Vili movement 561
Sioux tribe and the Ghost Dance 534
Smith, Joseph (American prophet
as culture hero 423
biography of 280
Social change
inadequate predictor of movements 772
ideology of 328
theory 682
Social construction of reality theories 88
reviewed 267
Social Contract vs. kingdom of God 259
Social implosion 727
Social order, transmission of 88
Social organizations, movements in 777
Social structure theory 219
Socialism
and religion 297, 521
American, history of 521
Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 679
Society, sacralization of 514
Sociology
constituents of 578
historical 158
Sociology of religion 654
as study of error 318
overview of 514
stereotyping in 37
Southcott, Joanna (English prophet) 355, 619
Space in typologies of religion 89
Spirit possession and charisma 422
Spiritualism
argot in 781
attributes of 457
cross-cultural comparison of 457
Puerto Rican 393
Timorese 127
Stella Matutina Order 286
Storefront Churches, black, as revitalizations 327
Story movement 188
Strain theory 17, 37, 283
Stress, individual vs. social 711
Structures, mediating 92
Subjectivity, socialization of 336
Sufi movement 24
Suicide
and opposition 217, 314, 315
hastens redemption 315
religious 580
Supernatural definitive of religion 769
Swedenborg, Emmanuel (Swedish prophet) 44
Symbols
and cross-level congruity of meaning 283
and marginal innovators 697
nature of 409
religious 32
in the Human Potential Movement 659
Syncretism
and revitalization 711
creativity in Introduction, 63
critique of 543
denies innovation 287
in African movements 41, 667, 768
in black religion 338
in Caribbean movements 362
in religion 309
identification with place in 41
Jewish 767
mediated identity in 474
varies with time 404
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T
Taiping Rebellion 110
effectiveness of 596
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (French theologian) 235,
748, 776
Tenshi-kotai-jingu-kyo
(Dancing Religion) 413
Thatcher, Margaret 753
Theories congruent with success of movements 672
Theosophy movement 679
Therapy
in millennialism and institutions 416
theories of 6
Thomas of Erceldoune (English prophet) 452
Time. See also Cosmologies
conceptions of 411
foreshortened 564
in Melanesian cosmology 371, 604
in poetry 385
linear in millenarism 670
primordial in millenarism 607
Timor, spiritism in 127
Tnevnoc cult 124
Tokoyo no Kami movement
as cargo cult 239
Townsend movement 489
Tradition
and Javanese millenarism 705
and messianism 549
and millenarism 569
not opposed to modernity 309
Trance
and collectivism 668
and glossolalia 298
home as metaphor of 464
in millennialism 117
neurological bases of 425, 426
techniques of 426
types of 117
Transcendental Meditation 35
Transcendentalism and mysticism 557
Trends, cultural 96
Tupi-Guaraní tribe 236, 502
Two Moons (Cheyenne chief) 303
Typologies
inadequacy of Introduction, 392
models of 392
of movements 637, 330, 727, 772
of religion 227, 322
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U
UFO encounters as apocalypses 574
Unification Church Introduction, 18, 19, 51, 52, 55, 57, 123,
126, 170, 439. See also Moon, Sun Myung
apostasy from 644
as American Civil Religion 582
dogma 666
failures to recruit 24
in relation to the community 325
"lovebombing" in 88, 673
recruitment techniques 88, 673
synthesism in 541
theology of 16
turnover rate 72
United House of Prayer for All People 252
Utopian literature 171
and apocalypse 387
as fairy tales 287
Utopias
and millennialism Introduction, 259, 329
and socialization 607
as fairy tales 387
characteristics of 387
socialist 521
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V
Values
charisma of 769
normative in attacks on NRMs 320
Vedanta as satanic 776
Visionaries, pseudonymity of 184
Visions
automatic 712
as near-death experience 712
conversion and 711
element of story Introduction
in apocalypses 661
psychotherapy and 594, 711
recital as performance 482
shaman trances and 301
shock and 711
social value of 662
structure of 711
validated by unlikely visionaries 484
vs. religious paranoia 711
Voodoo, attributes of 362
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W
Wahabiyyah movement 24
Wapi (Manus visionary) 482
Watts, Alan (American mystic) 557
Weber, Max 62, 89, 226, 310
charisma theory 375, 688
critique of 73
Weissenberg, Herr (German healer) 528
Wesley, John and role theory 380
West, the, insatiability of 629
Whiston, William (follower of Newton) 257
White Bull (Cheyenne chief) 303
White, Ellen G. (American prophet) 262, 619, 675
Whitman, Walt 557
Wilson, Jack 281. See also Ghost Dance, Wovoka
Wirikuta tribe, pilgrimage of 509
Wisdom literature, attributes of Jewish 182
Witchcraft
accusations of 495
and charisma 422
and frustration 495
Witnessing, researchers' resistance to 573
Women
and relative deprivation theory 421
in movements 22, 177, 421
Mormon and visions 120
sexually deprived 493
sources of evil 463
Woodstock as communitas 508
Work, Melanesian ideas of Europeans' 371, 692
World Messianity movement 317
Wovoka (Ghost Dance founder) 501
as marginal prophet 281
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X
Y
Yakan movement 357
Yali's movement 142
Yaruro tribe 404
Year 1000
as the millennium 244, 263
panic of 244, 492
Year 2000 14
as date of the End 261, 684
Yinger, Milton and typologies of religion 116, 577.
See also Church-sect typology
Young, Brigham (Mormon leader) 423
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Z
Zayn (failed Muslim prophet) 50
Zealots 121, 431
Zen Buddhism as satanic force 776