Citing Your Sources

Proper citation is an essential aspect of scholarship. Citing properly allows your reader or audience to locate the materials you have used. Most importantly, citations give credit to the authors of quoted or consulted information. Failure to acknowledge sources of information properly may constitute plagiarism.

This guide and that tool provide some simple examples of bibliography entries for each style covered. For detailed instructions on how to cite within the text of your paper, please consult a style manual listed below. Please also note: each example is not going to cover every possibility you might encounter when trying to cite your sources. For this reason, it is suggested that you consult a style manual to create your bibliography.

American Psychological Association (APA) Style
Chicago (and Turabian) Style
Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style
Harvard Style
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
National Library of Medicine (NLM) Style

More Citation Help

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American Psychological Association (APA) Style

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
The official style manual for the APA, probably still easiest to use in print. The website at http://www.apastyle.org/ offers a section on "Electronic References" with information taken directly from the manual, as well as FAQs and Style Tips sections.
Mugar Reference BF76.7 P83
Sci/Eng Reference BF76.7 P83
Education Reference BF76.7 P83
Pardee Reference BF76.7 P83

The world's easiest guide to using the APA
An authoritative and easy-to-use reference work by Carol Amato.
Pardee Reference BF76.7 P833 A46

Examples:Note- initially no indent and then following lines indented.

Book
Zollo, Peter (1999). Wise up to teens : insights into marketing and advertising to teenagers. Ithaca, N.Y. : New Strategist Publications, 1999.

Article from a Database
Borchard, D. (2000). The future high-tech career center. The Futurist, 34(3), 22-28. Retrieved June 26, 2000 from WilsonWeb database (Social Sciences Abstracts Full Text 1983-present) on the World Wide Web: http://hwwilsonweb.com/.

Article from a Print Journal
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2), 53-65.

Website
Moulthrop, Stuart. Traveling in the Breakdown Lane: A Principle of Resistance
for_Hypertext. 9 July 1999. 11 July 2000
<http://www.ubalt.edu/ygcla/sam/essays/breakdown.html>.

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Chicago Style

The Chicago Manual of Style
Originally written in 1906, this tome has a rich history of providing quality guidelines for citing works and creating bibliographies. The library has a subscription to the full online version. The website also offers a citation quick guide that has many examples. The 15th edition includes significant new details on how to cite electronic sources.
Mugar Reference Z253 U69
Education Reference Z253 U69
Pardee Reference Z253 U69
Beebe Reference Z253 U69
Stone Reference Z253 U69

A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
The famous work by Kate Turabian, the latest editions have been altered to conform with the guidelines set in The Chicago Manual of Style.
Mugar Reference LB2369 T8
Sci/Eng Reference LB2369 T8
Education Reference LB2369 T8
Pardee Reference LB2369 T8
Music Reference LB2369 T8

Chicago Style Examples: Note- initially no indent and then following lines indented.

Book
Arbib, Michael A., ed., The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998.

Article from a Database
Richard Kim, "The Truth about Hate Crime Laws," The Nation, 12 July 1999 [database online], [cited January 8, 2001]; available from Expanded Academic ASAP <http://www1.infotrac.galegroup.com/>.

Article from a Print Journal
Greene, Robert M. "Nextel Communications Inc." Value Line Investment Survey 5 Apr. 2002: 735.

Website
Moulthrop, Stuart, "Traveling in the Breakdown Lane: A Principle of Resistance for Hypertext" [webpage] 09 July 1999 [cited 11 July 2000]; <http://www.ubalt.edu/ygcla/sam/essays/breakdown.html>.

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Harvard Style

There is no official guide to Harvard Style. If you Google "Harvard Style Guide" you will find many websites that list examples. One of the best guides is from Monash University. Look to the bottom of the page to get examples.

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Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
MLA style is widely used by universities, academic presses, and in the humanities subject areas. The association makes some information available through the style section on its site at http://www.mla.org/style. Be sure to look through the list of Frequently Asked Questions on their site to get the most pertinent example citations.
Mugar Reference LB2369 G53
Education Reference LB2369 G53
Pardee Reference LB2369 G53
Beebe Reference LB2369 G53

Examples: Note- initially no indent and then following lines indented.

Book
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997.

Article from a Database
Dolbow, Sandra, "Delta Faucet sprays $60M into 'perfection' image effort," Brandweek 42:24 (Jun 11, 2001): 11. Available from ProQuest, ABI/Inform <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb> (Sept. 26, 2001).

Article from a Print Journal
Choe, Howard. "Household Nondurables." Standard and Poor's Industry
Surveys170.17 (2002): 1-32.

Website
Moulthrop, Stuart. "Traveling in the Breakdown Lane: A Principle of Resistance
for Hypertext." 9 July 1999. 11 July 2000
<http://www.ubalt.edu/ygcla/sam/essays/breakdown.html>.

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National Library of Medicine (NLM) Style

Citing Medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers
The official style manual for the NLM, and suggested when citing documents from the associated databases MedLine and PubMed. The online edition supercedes the print edition as the most up to date.

Examples: Note- intial and following lines not indented.

Book
Cleland J. Orthopaedic clinical examination: an evidence-based approach for physical therapists. Carlstadt (NJ): Icon Learning Systems; 2005. 515 p.

Article from a Database
Becker S, Walsh A, Werling K. Investing in Health Care--A Story of Political Clout, Successful Niches, and Recurring Cycles. J Health Care Finance. 2007 Fall [cited 2007 Dec 12];34(1):8-18. In: Business Source Premier [Internet]. Birmingham (AL): EBSCO Industries (US). [1944] - . [about 10 screens]. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/bsi/pdf?vid=6&hid=116&sid=
a9b77907-daf2-4f14-b732-72da8c0699a6%40sessionmgr107

Article from a Print Journal
Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, Devine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Apr;(153):1-186.

Website
Hingley, AT. Epilepsy: Taming the Seizures, Dispelling the Myths [Internet]. Washington: Federal Drug Administration; Jan-Feb 1999 [cited 2007 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/.

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More Citation Help

Citing Your Sources for Business students
Citing Your Sources for Science students

more websites:

Citation Guide (HBS)
This excellent guide in .PDF from the Harvard Business School covers citation within text as well as how to do a bibliography using Chicago style.

Citation Machine
A site designed to help create bibliographies easily, this was developed by David Warlick & The Landmark Project.

Citation Style Guides for Internet and Electronic Sources
The University of Alberta Libraries maintains a lengthy online guide to electronic citation for APA style.

Citing Sources Within Your Paper
Duke University is responsible for this well-organized site about citing in the body of your text.

Copyright and Citation
This Boston University research guide offers links to information about copyright, public domain sites, citing sources and plagiarism.

Creating a Bibliography
Simmons College has produced this guide that includes MLA, APA, AMA, and Chicago styles.

Documenting Electronic Sources
From the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL), this site is a good place to start for MLA or APA stlyes.

EasyBib.com
This company claims to format, alphabetize and print a bibliography based on MLA 5th ed.

Online!
Bedford/St. Martins published this reference guide to using Internet resources in print, but makes its chapters on citing resources available on the web. Included at this site are chapters on MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.

Research and Documentation Online
A site created and maintained by Diana Hacker of Prince George's Community College.

Sources: Their Use and Acknowledgement
This great resource from Dartmouth College is clear and easy-to-use.

more print sources:

Cite Right
In addition to the four styles listed on this page, this work also includes style samples for ACS (for chemistry), Bluebook and ALWD (for legal), and others.
Mugar Reference PN171.F56 L55 2006

Electronic styles : a handbook for citing electronic information
This print source contains excellent examples of citing electronic information in both APA and MLA styles.
Mugar Reference PN171 F56 L5
Sci/Eng Reference PN171 F56 L5
Education Reference PN171 F56 L5
Pardee ReferencePN171 F56 L5

Stylebook and briefing on media law
This work recommended by the Associated Press is in its 42nd edition.
Mugar Reference PN4783 A83