Treaty Research Guide

  • Introduction
  • Find a Citation
  • Have a Citation?
  • US a Party
  • Multilateral Non-US
  • Bilateral Non-US
  • Updating
  • By Topic
  • Research Guides
  • Secondary
  • Contact Us

Where to begin?

Here are some questions you should ask yourself before you start your research.

(1) Do I have a citation? If yes, skip to: Have a Citation;

(2) Is the United States a party to the treaty? If yes, skip to: US a Party;

(3) If the US is not a Party, is the treaty multilateral or bilateral?

(4) What is the status of the treaty, is it in force or not?

Treaty Sources (Bluebook T.4)

Official U.S. Sources

Source Date Citation
United States Treaties and other International Agreements (UST) 1950 - date x U.S.T. xxx
Statutes at Large
(indexed at 64 Stat. B1107)		 1778 - 1949 x Stat. xxx
Treaties and Other International Acts Series (TIAS) 1945 - date T.I.A.S. No. x
Treaty Series 1778 - 1945 T.S. No. x
Executive Agreement Series 1922 - 1945 E.A.S. No. x
Senate Treaty Documents 1981 - date S.Treaty Doc. No. x
Senate Executive Documents 1778 - 1980 S. Exec. Doc. x

 

Intergovernmental Treaty Sources

Source Date Citation
United Nations Treaty Series 1946 - date x U.N.T.S. xxx
League of Nations Treaty Series 1920 - 1945 x L.N.T.S. xxx
Pan-American Treaty Series 1949 - date x Pan-Am. T.S. xxx
European Treaty Series 1948 - date Europ. T.S. No. x

 

Unofficial Treaty Sources

Source Date Citation
International Legal Materials 1962 - date x I.L.M. xxx
Nouveau recueil général des traités 1494 - 1943 x Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser. x) xxx
Parry's Consolidated Treaty Series 1648 - 1919 x Consol. T.S. xxx
Hein's United States Treaty and Other International Agreements 1984 - date Hein's No. KAV xxxx
Bevans 1776 - 1949 x Bevans xxx

 

In the course of treaty research, if you have any questions or would like to discuss researching a particular topic, please see the "Contact Us" tab to this guide.

 

Getting A Citation

To find a citation you can:

(1) review the secondary source literature to see if someone else can provide you with a citation. Looking in a full-text law review database on Lexis or Westlaw is often the quickest way to find a citation, provided you have enough information about the treaty; or

(2) look in an index. If you have less complete information about the treaty like just a date, there are many indexes organized by date of the treaty; or

(3) Search for a treaty full-text on a full-text treaty database

 

Useful indexes

  • World Treaty Index (University of Michigan)
  • Multilateral Treaties: Index and Current Status (often called "Bowman and Harris").
    • Organized chronologically, this resource is only current through 1993. 
    • Law Ref Desk and Annex Reserve JX 171 B68 1984
  • Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-general
    • An index organized by subject to multilateral treaties held at the United Nations.
    • Law Ref Desk JX171 M85 (current until 2006)
  • Treaties in Force (State Department)
    • Lists all treaties of the United States often with citations.
    • Also available on HeinOnline.
  • Multilateral Treaty Calendar (1648-1995)
    • Law Ref KZ 118 W55 1998
  • EISIL (ASIL) links to treaties and provides citation information.

 

If the United States is a party to the treaty:

 

No luck? ...and know you are looking for a United Nations treaty, look here:

 

No luck?... and looking for an extremely old treaty or a bi-lateral treaty not involving the United States, look here:

  • World Treaty Index (Law Annex Ref JX171 .R64 1983) is the best index for bilateral treaties (current only through 1980).
  • Index to Multilateral Treaties (1965)(Law Annex Ref JX171 .H35)
  • Index-Guide to Treaties: Based on the Consolidated Treaty Series (Law Annex and Mugar JX120 P352)
  • Unpublished and Unnumbered Treaty Index (Law Annex Ref JX236.5 U57), only current through 1989, covers unpublished treaties.

 

 

 

With a Citation  

Once you have a citation to a treaty, the process for finding the treaty is similar to locating any other legal material, like a case or a statute.

First you will need to identify your citation...

  • Bieber's Dictionary of Legal Abbreviations
    • Law Ref Desk, Law Annex, Law Reserve and Dictionary K 89 B53 2001
  • Noble's Revised International Guide to Law Reports
    • Law Ref Desk K 38 N63 1998
  • The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 18th edition
    • Law Ref Desk, Dictionary, Law Reserve and Law Annex Ref KF 245 B55 2005
    • The correct format for citing treaties is found at Rule 21: InSternational Materials (p. 168) and Table 4 (T.4, page 334).
  • Index to Legal Citations and Abbreviations
    • Law Ref Desk K 83 R3 1993

Next look for the source of the treaty... where you look will depend on whether:

  1. United States is a party to the treaty; or
  2. United States is not a party to the treaty and it is a multilateral treaty; or
  3. United States is not a party to the treaty and it is a bilateral treaty.

Final Step:

  1. Update your research!

New to treaty research? It is useful to familiarize yourself with treaty terminology:

  • Treaty Reference Guide from the United Nations
  • Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Law Annex JX1226 E5) 

There are many additional resources which aid treaty researchers.

The United States is a Party to the Treaty  

The US Constitution states that, "all Treaties...shall be the supreme Law of the Land" (Art VI), which the US Supreme Court has interpreted as all treaties, except those which by their language are not self-executing, automatically become federal law. (Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U.S. 190, 194 (1888)).

U.S. Treaty Ratification Process

The executive branch negotiates and signs treaties and international agreements, see 11 Foreign Affairs Manual, Chapter 700 (Treaties and Other International Agreements) and the accompanying regulations at 22 C.F.R. Part 181.

Take a look at Marci Hoffman's excellent explanation of the US treaty making process, including the differences between a treaty and an executive agreement under US law.

For an update on treaty actions by the Department of State, see the Office of the Legal Advisor's Current Treaty Actions (1997-present).

After treaties are signed by the President, they go to the Senate for advice and consent. For an overview of this process, see Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the United States Senate (S.Prt.106-71) (Law Annex KF4989 .A25 2001) or the Senate's Power and Procedures:Treaties.

There are MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) and other executive agreements which never go to Congress and must at least be reported to Congress under the Case Act. Recent executive agreements can be found at the State Department Office of the Legal Advisor website.

Indexes for finding a Citation:

Official Sources for U.S. Treaties  

There are several sources, both official government sources and commercial publications, for treaties to which the United States is a party. Official sources include:

  • Treaties and International Agreements Series, (TIAS): The first official publication in which a ratified treaty or international agreement will appear. It is cited as "TIAS number" and is about 5 years behind in publication.
    • Law Annex JX235.9 A32
    • HeinOnline (PDF) covering TIAS 11060 to TIAS 12734.

  • United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (UST) is the official publication for treaties signed and ratified by the United States. It is cited as "vol UST page". If you have a UST citation you do not need the TIAS citation. The UST covers 1950 to present and is at this time about eight to ten years behind in publication.
    • Law Annex JX236 U545
    • HeinOnline (PDF)(Vols. 1-35,1950-1984)
    • Lexis (1776 to present)
    • Westlaw: USTREATIES (1778 to present)

  • Statutes at Large (Law Pappas) published treaties before the UST was established. It is cited as "vol# Stat. xxx (year)"

Treaties which have been submitted to the Senate:  

  • Senate Executive Documents (through the 96th Congress): Contains the text of a treaty as it is submitted to the U.S. Senate for ratification by the President. The Executive Documents became known as Treaty Documents beginning with the 97th Congress in 1981.

  • Senate Treaty Documents (97th Congress to present ): Numbered consecutively from the first session through the second session of Congress.

  • Treaties, Conventions, International Agreements and Protocols (1776-1937): A compilation of Senate Treaty Documents prepared by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee current through 1937.
    • Law Annex JX236 1910 and JX236 .U54 1938 Suppl
    • HeinOnline (PDF format)

  • Senate Treaty Actions: identifies treaties actions during the current Congress.

If the treaty receives the consent of the Senate, it is sent to the President for ratification. If the President does not ratify the treaty, it can be found in Unperfected Treaties of the United States (1776-1976) (Law Annex JX236 1776 U56).

Executive Agreements

Executive agreements, which in the United States are also referred to as international agreements, do not require the consent of the Senate, only the definitive signature of the President. However, under the Case-Zablocki Act, 1 U.S.C. §112b, all international agreements must be reported to both the House and the Senate within sixty days after the agreement has entered into force.

Other Sources for United States Treaties

Because of the publication lag with official government treaty sources, try commercial publishers which often publish treaties within weeks of ratification.

  • Consolidated Treaties and International Agreements (1990-present) (JX236 1990 U54), cited as "CTIA number", publishes current treaties in paper within 90 days of release or ratification, listed by Senate Treaty Document number ("T.Doc. number").

  • Oceana (BULaw only) cited as "CTIA number", the online version of Consolidated Treaties and International Agreements.
  • Treaties Submitted to the United States Senate: Legislative History, 1989-2004 [LAw Ref Desk KF4989 W55 2006]

For more databases that provide access to treaties, visit the Research by Subject: Treaties guide.

 

Historical Treaties  

There are several good historical collections for older treaties to which the United States is a party:

 

Multilateral Treaties where the United States is not a Party  

Indexes

  • Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-general (MTDSG)
    • An index organized by subject to multilateral treaties held at the United Nations.
    • Law Ref Desk JX171 M85 (current until 2006)
  • EISIL (ASIL) links to treaties and provides citation information.
  • Print indexes:
    • Multilateral Treaty Calendar (Wiktor, ed.; 1648-1995)
      • Law Ref KZ 118 W55 1998
    • Multilateral Treaties: Index and Current Status (often called "Bowman and Harris").
      • Organized chronologically, this resource is only current through 1993. 
      • Law Ref Desk and Annex Reserve JX 171 B68 1984
    • See Power Point presentation on use of print indexes noted above

United Nations

Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations requires every member country to register its treaties with the United Nations (UN). Unfortunately this registration process is not universally practiced, however, most major multilateral treaties are registered. These registrations take place with the Secretary General and are described in Summary of Practice of the Secretary General as Depository of Multilateral Treaties (ST/LEG/7/Rev.1). The treaties that are registered are published by the UN.

  • United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS)
    • Cited as "vol UNTS page"
    • Law Annex JX1977 A1 U5
    • HeinOnline, United Nations Law Collection: The database includes the UNTS in PDF format from inception. The database is searchable by citation and full text.
    • UN Treaty Series: The database includes text of UNTS (PDF format). At this website you can also find treaties that have been deposited but not yet published in the UNTS. (Note: This database is very difficult to use.)

The background or conference documents for the formation of a treaty are known as travaux preparatoires. These can reveal the positions parties took during negotiations. The UN has recently digitized these Diplomatic Conferences. Some of these documents are also available in an organized fashion:

Treaties registered before 1945 were registered with the League of Nations. These are found in:

  • League of Nations Treaty Series:
    • Cited as "vol LNTS page"
    • Law Annex JX1975 A1 L4
    • League of Nations Treaty Series: The database includes the text of LNTS in PDF format. (Note: This database is very difficult to use.)

Regional Organizations

Some regional organizations also publish the international agreements of member countries. The regional treaty reporters may be more current than the UNTS, include bilateral treaties or multilaterals which for one reason or another are not available in the UNTS.

  • Europe
    • Consult the Pappas Law Library European Union Guide
    • European Yearbook (Law Annex JX21 A5)
    • European Conventions and Agreements (Law Annex JX626 1971 C68).
    • Chart showing Signatures and Ratifications of Council of Europe Conventions and Agreements (Law Annex KJE110 E83), annually published by the Council of Europe includes the ratification status of various treaties.
    • Council of Europe Treaties including ratification status and reservations
  • Organization of American States
  • Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Compilations of Treaties

  • Treaties, Conventions and International Acts (1776-1923) (Law Annex JX236 1910)
  • Consolidated Treaty Series (CTS) (Mugar JX120 F69) (1648-1920) There is an index which is intended to supplement the CTS called the Index-Guide to Treaties (Law Annex and Mugar JX120 P352)
  • League of Nations Treaty Series (Law Annex JX1976 A1 L4) (1920-1946)
  • The Avalon Project at Yale has compiled some important historic legal and political documents, including major treaties.


Treaties by Subject

Finally, you may also search for treaties by subject area, in one of the numerous subject-oriented collections of treaties in paper and on the web, consult the Treaty Resources by Topic.

Bilateral Treaties where the United States is not a Party  

If you have searched for a bilateral treaty where the United States is not a party in the indexes then it may not be possible to find a citation because it is not published in the series that those indexes are linked to. Some countries have treaty series like the United States. And many civil law jurisdictions print treaties in their official gazette. If you can locate the source of the treaty and a date then you might be able to browse for the treaty. Some helpful resources include:

Updating Treaties: Reservations and Status  

For updating treaties to which the United States is a signatory, consult:

Finding reservations is more challenging. Reservations are not always published with the treaty. Reservations for UNTS multilateral treaties are printed in Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-general, and there are also Depository Notifications (both are password required which is available at the reference desk) which include reservations, declarations and various statements with which countries amend their ratificiation of a treaty. Some commercial sources may publish the reservations along with the treaty.

Treaty Resources by Topic

Criminal

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Environmental

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Finance and Investment

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Human Rights

  • Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments
    • Law Annex K 3238 A1 H8 1994 (updated)
  • Human Rights: Status of International Instruments
    • Law Annex K3228 H86 1987 (updated)
  • International Human Rights Instruments: A Compilation of Treaties, Agreements and Declarations of Especial Interest to the United States
    • Law Annex K 3238 A1 I536 1990
  • Human Rights: Sixty Major Global Instruments Introduced, Reprinted, and Indexed
    • Law Annex K3238 .H86 1992
  • The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Compilation of Human Rights Instruments
    • Law Annex K3238 .R36 1997
  • Compendium of International Conventions Concerning the Status of Women
    • Law Annex K3243.A35 U55 1988
  • International Legal Instruments Relevant to Women.
    • Law Annex K644.A35 I584 1995
  • The Rights of the Child: International Instruments
    • Law Annex K639.A35 C6313 1995
  • International Legal Instruments on Refugees in Africa
    • Law Annex JX 4292 R4 I58
  • Human Rights and Disabled Persons: Essays and Relevant Human Rights Instruments
    • Law Annex K637 Z9 H86 1995
  • Collection of International Instruments and Other Legal Texts Concerning Refugees and Displaced Persons
    • Law Annex K3230.R45 C65 1995
  • Human Rights and the Administration of Justice: International Instruments
    • Law Annex K3238 H849 1997
  • Treaties and International Agreements: Human Rights (WorldLII)
  • Texts and Reservations of Human Rights Treaties from the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR)
  • Basic Instruments Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights)
  • Human Rights Convention and other Human Rights Instruments (Council of Europe)
  • African Charter of Human and People's Rights (African Commission on Human and People's Rights)
  • University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library: Treaties
  • Human Rights Treaties (Tufts Multilaterals Project )
  • Health and Human Rights (WHO)

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IGO Basic Documents

  • International Governmental Organizations: Constitutional Documents
    • Law Annex JX 1995 P43
  • International Instruments of the United Nations: A Compilation of: Agreements, Charters, Conventions, Declarations, Principles, Proclamations, Protocols, Treaties, Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, 1945-1995
    • Law Annex KZ5006.2 .I58 1997
  • International Organization and Integration: Annotated Basic Documents and Descriptive Directory of International Organizations and Arrangements
    • Law Annex JX 171 I54 1981
  • The Inter-American System: Treaties, Conventions & Other Documents: A Compilation
    • Law Annex JX1404 .I57 1983
  • Encyclopedia of European Union Law. Constitutional texts
    • Law Annex KJE 916 E54 1996 (updated)
  • European Union Basic Instruments
  • European Union: Selected Instruments Taken from Treaties
    • Law Annex KJE4442.3 .E872 1999
  • Sweet & Maxwell's European Community Treaties
    • Law Annex KJE 4442.3 S94 1980
  • The Treaty of Rome Consolidated, and the Treaty of Maastricht
    • Law Annex KJE4442.3 .T744 1992
  • Lexis: European Communities Treaties (1979- )(EURCOM;
    TREATY)
  • Westlaw: European Union Treaties (1951- ) (EU-TREATIES)
  • Charter of the Organization of American States

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Intellectual Property

  • World Intellectual Property Organization
    • WIPO-Administered Treaties
    • Intellectual Property Laws and Treaties (WIPO)
      • Law Annex K 1500 A13 I54 (updated)
    • Copyright and Neighboring Rights Laws and Treaties (WIPO)
      • Law Annex K 1500 A13 I543
    • Industrial Property Laws and Treaties (WIPO )
      • Law Annex K 1500 A13 I542 (updated)
  • International treaties on intellectual property
      • Law Annex K1401.A35 I57 1997
  • Copyright Laws and Treaties of the World (UNESCO)
      • Law Annex K 1419.2 1956
  • Treaties and International Agreements: Intellectual Property (WorldLII)

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Labor

  • International Labour Conventions and Recommendations
    • Law Annex K1702.I5 I562 1992
  • International Labour Organization (ILO): Conventions

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Law of the Sea

  • International Maritime Conventions
    • Law Annex K1150.A35 A77 1991
  • The Law of the Sea: Multilateral Treaties: A Reference Guide to Multilateral Treaties and Other International Instruments Related to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
    • Law Annex KZA1118 .L39 1997
  • International Conventions on Maritime Law: Texts.
    • Law Annex JX4408 .C66 1987
  • International and United States Documents on Ocean Law and Policy
    • Law Annex JX 4408 I685 1986
  • Treaties and International Agreements: Maritime Law (WorldLII)
  • Law of the Sea Conventions (United Nations)
  • Marine and Coastal Treaties (Tufts Multilaterals Project )
  • FishLex (FAO) database of Coastal State Requirements for Foreign Fishing
  • WaterLex (FAO) database of International Agreements on International Water Sources

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Litigation and Arbitration

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Private International Law

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Tax

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Terrorism

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Trade

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War & Peace

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Research Guides

Additional Resources to get started 

 

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources, i.e., books and articles, can often be the best way to gain an overview for the topic of public international law you are researching. These resources are generally the first step in identifying primary source material. Noteworthy secondary sources to international law are:

 

Ask a Reference Librarian

In the course of your treaty research, if you have any questions or would like to discuss researching a particular topic, please contact David Bachman via Email.

In Person: See a professional reference librarian during reference hours at the desk located inside the Pappas reading room.

By Phone: The Reference Librarians may be reached by phone at 617-353-3151 during reference hours.

Via Chat: The LiveChat service is available during reference hours.

The following services are limited to BU School of Law Students:

By Email: students may submit an email reference request.

By Appointment: students may make an appointment for an individual research consultation.

 

Page maintained by David Bachman
Last updated: December 2012