David Sugarman
EDUCATION
Having gained an undergraduate law degree (LLB) at Hull University, he completed graduate work in law at Cambridge University as a William Senior Scholar in Comparative Law (LLM and Diploma in Comparative Legal Studies), and Harvard Law School (LLM), where he was awarded a doctorate (SJD).
SCHOLARSHIP
Prof. Sugarman has published over 70 articles and book chapters in academic journals and scholarly collections including the Law Quarterly Review, Modern Law Review, Law and History Review, Journal of Law and Society, International Journal of the Legal Profession, Legal Ethics, Company Lawyer and the American Bar Foundation Research Journal (now Law and Social Inquiry). He has contributed to The New Oxford Companion to Law, the Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, the Oxford Reader's Companion to Charles Dickens and The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment.
His 16 books (encompassing sole authored books, edited and co-edited books and special issues of law reviews) include:
Lawyers and Vampires: Cultural Histories of Lawyers. Co-edited with W. Wesley Pue. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003. pp. 410. http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?isbn=9781841135199
Directors' Conflicts of Interest: Legal, Socio-Legal and Economic Analysis, co-edited with Mads Adenas. London: Kluwer Law International, 2000. pp.317. http://www.kluwerlaw.com/Catalogue/titleinfo.htm?ProdID=9041198350&name=Developments-in-European-Company-Law-Vol-3-1999%3a-Directors'-Conflicts-of-Interest%3a-Legal%2c-Socio-Legal-and-Economic-Analyses
Property Law, Personhood and Citizenship. A Comparative Social and Cultural History of Property Law and Property Rights. Co-edited with Hannes Siegrist. German translation. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999. pp. 296.
Law in History: Histories of Law and Society, 2 volumes, New York University Press, (USA); Dartmouth, (England). 1996. Editor. pp. 631 and pp 658. http://www.gowerpub.com/pdf/tis/9781855214033_ROW.pdf
Professional Competition and Professional Power: Lawyers, Accountants and the Social Construction of Markets. London: Routledge, 1995. Co-edited with Yves Dezalay. Foreword by Pierre Bourdieu. pp.283.
A Brief History of The Law Society. London: The Law Society, 1995.
Law and Social Change in England, 1780-1900, Fukosha: Tokyo, 1993.(Translated into Japanese by Y Matsurra et al. Foreword by Roderick Pryde, Director, The British Council, Japan). pp. 320.
Regulating Corporate Groups in Europe. Nomos: European University Institute Series, 1990. Co-edited with Gunther Teubner. pp.551.
Law, Economy and Society, 1750-1914: Essays in the History of English Law. London: Professional Books/Butterworths, 1984. Co-edited with Gerry R Rubin. pp. 650.
Legality, Ideology and the State. London: Academic Press: London, 1983. Editor. pp.304.
Prof. Sugarman's main areas of scholarship have traversed legal history, the legal profession, corporate law and legal education. He has also contributed to the fields of international human rights, legal theory, legal ethics, public law, law and globalization, and law and literature. His scholarship has been translated into French, German, Italian, Japanese and Spanish.
During the last ten years, his principal research has centred on the local and transnational struggles to bring the former Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet, to justice, and their consequences. He has completed over 300 interviews with the key players in 11 countries, and new archival research. He created an award-winning course at Lancaster University on Responses to Massive Violations of Human Rights based on this expertise, and has lectured extensively in the UK and internationally on this research. Keynote presentations relating to this research include the Universities of: Oxford (Centre for Latin American Studies), LSE, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, New York University, Texas at Austin, Pennsylvania, Australian National University, Toronto, Paris, Oslo, Jawaharlal Neru (JNU), Havana, London (Institute of Advanced Legal Studies), Vienna, and the American Society for International Law.
Publications in press and forthcoming include: "Girare per i diritti umani in 'Post-Pinochet' Cile" in La Forza (Proceedings of International Forum, Bologna, March 5-6, 2009) (2009); "Lawyers, Courts, Judges and Law School. The Scholarship of Robert Stevens", International Journal of the Legal Profession, 2009; "Morton J. Horwitz and the Transformation ofLegal History in Australia, Canada and England", 2010; and Incomplete Justice: Prosecuting Pinochet in Chile (2010).
POPULAR COMMENTARY
Prof. Sugarman has published popular articles on the domestic and transnational struggles to bring Augusto Pinochet to justice, the Pinochet precedent, and the Pinochet-era human rights trials in Chile, in a broad range of outlets including The Times, The Guardian, the Santiago Times, Open Democracy, the North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), Amnesty International (Chile), El Mostrador (Chile), and has acted as a consultant to and occasionally appeared on a wide range of documentary and television and radio programmes addressing these topics including CNN, Channel Four News, BBC News 24, BBC World Service and Austrian Public Radio.
INDICATIVE ARTICLES AND ESSAYS
(2009) "Courts, Human Rights and Transitional Justice. Lessons from Chile" 36/2 Journal of Law and Society
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122394478/PDFSTART
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1410985(2008) "The Arrest of Augusto Pinochet: Ten Years On" Open Democracy, (29 October)
www.opendemocracy.net/article/the-arrest-of-augusto-pinochet-ten-years-on,(2008) "El caso Pinochet: 10 años después", El Mostrador (11 November)
www.elmostrador.cl/index.php?/noticias/articulo/el_caso_pinochet_10_anos_despues/(2008) "Sir James Fitzjames Stephen", The New Oxford Companion to Law. Peter Cane and Joanne Conaghan (eds). Oxford: OUP. Pp. 1128-1129.
(2008) "Lawyers and Legal Services in North West England", Amicus Curiae, issue 76. pp.4-14.
(2008) "Patricia Verdugo. A fearless chronicler of Chilean history, her books and articles brought Pinochet's death squads to task". The Guardian (London). 29 February. p. 40. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/29/pinochet.chile
(2007) "Precedent in International Law, International Courts and International Tribunals". In Precedent and the Law. Ed: Ewoud Hondius. Louvain, Belgium: Bruylant. pp. 491-506. Co-authored with Michael Likosky.
(2005) "Hart Interviewed: H.L.A. Hart in Conversation with David Sugarman". Journal of Law and Society. Vol. 32, no. 2 June, pp. 267-293.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118651809/PDFSTARThttp://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/26217/(2005) "John O'Leary. Working towards justice for Pinochet's victims". The Guardian (London). 20 May. p. 29.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1488042,00.html(2004) "Images of Law. Legal Buildings, 'Englishness' and the Reproduction of Power". In R. Schulze (ed.). Rechtssymbolik und Wertevermittlung. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2004. pp. 194-225.
(2004) "Will Pinochet ever answer to the people of Chile?". The Times (London). 14 September. Law Section. p.10.
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article481309.ece(2003) "Introduction: Towards a Cultural History of Lawyers", (with W. Wesley Pue) in David Sugarman and W. Wesley Pue (eds.) Lawyers and Vampires: Cultural Histories of Lawyers (Oxford: Hart Publishing) pp. 1-24. Senior author.
(2003) "Legal Profession". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Joel Mokyr (ed.). (New York: Oxford University Press). Vol. 3. pp. 121-128.
(2002) "From Unimaginable to Possible: Spain, Pinochet and the Judicialization of Power". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, vol. 3, issue 1, March pp. 107-124
http://abacus.bates.edu/~bframoli/pagina/garzon.pdf(2002) "The Pinochet Precedent and the 'Garzón Effect': On Catalysts, Contestation and Loose Ends." Amicus Curiae, 42, July/August pp. 9-15
(2002) "Legal History, the Common Law and 'Englishness'". In Legal History in Change. Ed. Kjell A. Modeer. Lund: Olin Foundation for Legal History, 2002. pp. 213-227
(2002) "Resilience of the Judge Who Risked All to Indict Pinochet", The Times (London). 19 February. "Law" Section. pp. 6-7
http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/26228/(2001) "The Pinochet Case: International Criminal Justice in the Gothic Style?" Modern Law Review 64, pp. 933-944
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1097201
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118977145/PDFSTART(2001) "Comment: on Lord Justice Potter's article, 'The Ethical Challenges Facing Lawyers in the Twenty-first Century'", Legal Ethics, vol. 4, Part 1 Summer pp. 41-44
(2000) "Reassessing [James Willard] Hurst: A Transatlantic Perspective". Law and History Review, vol. 18, no. 1, (Spring), pp.215-222 www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.1/sugarman.html
(2000) "Theory in Legal Education" (with Avrom Sherr). In Theory in Legal Education (special Issue of The International Journal of the Legal Profession, Volume 7, No. 3), Avrom Sherr and David Sugarman eds., with a foreword by Prof. Bob Hepple. (London: Taylor & Francis) pp. 165-179
(2000) "Is Company Law Founded on Contract or Public Regulation?: The Law Commissions' Paper on Directors' Duties". In Directors' Conflicts of Interest: Legal, Socio-Legal and Economic Analysis (Mads Andenas and David Sugarman eds.) London: Kluwer Law International, pp. 71-118
(1999) "The Law and Legal Institutions", "The Court of Chancery", "The Inns of Court" and "The Factory Acts", in Paul Schlicke (ed.), The Oxford Reader's Companion to Charles Dickens (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp. 70, 230-231, 297, 316-322
(1999) "Property Law, Personhood and Citizenship. Towards a Comparative Social and Cultural History of Property Law and Property Rights". Co-authored with Hannes Siegrist. In Hannes Siegrist and David Sugarman (eds.) Property Law, Personhood and Citizenship. A Comparative Social and Cultural History of Property Law and Property Rights. Published in German by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht). pp. 9-30
(1999) "Is Company Law Founded on Contract or Public Regulation?: The Law Commissions' Paper on Company Directors" in David Sugarman (ed.), Special Issue of The Company Lawyer on the Law Commission's Paper on Company Directors: Regulating Conflicts of Interest and Formulating a Statement of Duties. Foreword by Mrs. Justice Arden, vol. 20, no. 6, pp.162-183
(1999) "Richard C.B. Risk - A Tribute", in Essays in Canadian Law, Vol. VIII, In Honor of Richard Risk (Eds. G. Blaine Baker and Jim Phillips, University of Toronto Press) pp. 3-17. (Co-authored with Robert W. Gordon).
(1998) "Reconceptualising Company Law: Reflections on The Law Commissions Consultation Paper on Shareholder Remedies", in B.A.K. Rider (ed.), The Corporate Dimension: Essays on Corporate Law and Practice in Honour of Professor A. J. Boyle. Foreword by Lord Templeman. (Jordans) (April) pp. 179-242
(1997) "In The Spirit of Weber: Law, Modernity and 'the Peculiarities of the English'", in Claes Peterson (ed.)., History and European Private Law: Development of Common Methods and Principles.(The Olin Foundation, Stockholm) pp. 217-262
(1997) "Reconceptualising Company Law: Reflections on The Law Commissions Consultation Paper on Shareholder Remedies", 18 The Company Lawyer, "Special Issue on The Law Commission's Paper on Shareholder Remedies". Editor, David Sugarman. Foreword by Mr Justice Lightman. "Part One" pp. 226-247, and "Part Two" pp. 274-282
(1997) "Safeguarding Land and Celebrating the Landed: the Rise and Role of the Equity of Redemption," in J. W. Harris (ed.), Property Problems: From Genes to Pension Funds (Kluwer Law International: London) pp. 207-224 (senior author, co-authored with R. Warrington)
(1996) "Bourgeois Collectivism, Professional Power and the Boundaries of the State: The Private and Public Life of the Law Society, 1825-1914," International Journal of the Legal Profession 3 pp. 81-135
(1996) "Introduction: Histories of Law and Society" in Law in History: Histories of Law and Society, (David Sugarman, editor) volume I (New York University Press, USA; Dartmouth, England) pp. xi-xxx
(1995) "Who Colonised Whom?: Reflections on the Intersection between Accountants, Lawyers and the Law" in Y. Dezalay and D. Sugarman, (eds.), Professional Competition and Professional Power: Lawyers, Accountants and the Social Construction of Markets, Routledge, pp. 226-240 http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/26231/
(1995) "Land Law, Citizenship and the Invention of 'Englishness': the Strange World of the Equity of Redemption", (senior author, co-authored with R. Warrington) in J. Brewer and S. Staves (eds.), Early Modern Conceptions of Property, Routledge, pp. 111-144
(1994) "Blurred Boundaries: the Overlapping Worlds of Law, Business and Politics" in Maureen Cain and Christine Harrington (eds.), Lawyers in a Postmodern World, (Buckingham: Open University Press) pp. 105-123.
(1993) "Simple Images and Complex Realities: English Lawyers and Their Relationship to Business and Politics, 1750-1950", Law and History Review, 11, Fall, 257-302 www.jstor.org/stable/743616
(1993) "Qui colonise l'autre? Reflexions historiques sur les repports entre le droit, les juristes et les comptables en Grande-Bretagne", in Y. Dezalay, (ed.), Batailles tettitoriales et querelles de cousinage: juristes et compatables europeens sur le marche du droit des affaires, (Paris, Librairie Generale de Droit et de Jurisprudence), 169-182
(1992) "Writing 'Law and Society' Histories", Modern Law Review 55, 292-308 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1096513?&Search=yes&term=David&term=Sugarman&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fhp%3D25%26la%3D%26wc%3Don%26gw%3Djtx%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26Query%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26sbq%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26si%3D26%26jtxsi%3D26&item=37&ttl=1641&returnArticleService=showArticle
(1992) "The Problem of Broadening English Legal Education From Within", in B. De Witte and C. Forder (eds.), The Common Law of Europe and the Future of Legal Education (Kluwer), 553-566
(1991) "Lawyers and Business in England, 1750-1950" in C. Wilton (ed.), Lawyers and Business (Butterworths) pp. 437-479
(1991) "A Hatred of Disorder: Legal Science, Liberalism and Imperialism", in P. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Dangerous Supplements: Resistance and Renewal in Jurisprudence, (Pluto Press) pp. 34-67 http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/26230/
(1991) "Law and The Enlightenment" in J. Yolton, R. Porter, P. Rogers, and B. M. Stafford (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to The Enlightenment, (Blackwell) 275-277
(1990) "Corporate Groups in Europe: Governance, Industrial Organisation, and Efficiency in a Post-Modern World" in D. Sugarman and G. Teubner (eds.), Regulating Corporate Groups in Europe, (Nomos: European University Institute Series) pp.13-66
(1989) "Texts, Contexts and Interpretative Communities", in C. Joerges and D. M. Trubek (eds.), Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (Nomos) pp. 39-49
(1987) "In the Spirit of Weber: Law, Modernity and 'the Peculiarities of the English'", Institute for Legal Studies Working Paper, Wisconsin University Law School, pp. 86
(1986) "Legal Theory, the Common Law Mind and the Making of the Textbook Tradition" in W. Twining (ed.), Legal Theory and Common Law (Basil Blackwell) pp. 26-62
(1986) "A Legal or a Social History of Crime: What's in a Name?", American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 249-63
http://www.jstor.org/stable/828186?&Search=yes&term=David&term=Sugarman&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26wc%3Don&item=7&ttl=1641&returnArticleService=showArticle(1985) "Is the Reform of Legal Education Hopeless?" (1985) 48 Modern Law Review 728-38
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1095839?&Search=yes&term=David&term=Sugarman&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26wc%3Don&item=8&ttl=1641&returnArticleService=showArticle(1984) "Towards a New History of Law and Material Society in England, 1750-1914" in Law, Economy and Society, 1750-1914: Essays in the History of English Law, Professional Books, pp.1-186, (Senior author. Co-authored with G.R. Rubin)
(1983) "The Legal Boundaries of Liberty: Dicey, Liberalism and LegalScience", Modern Law Review, 102-116
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1095762?&Search=yes&term=David&term=Sugarman&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26wc%3Don&item=14&ttl=1641&returnArticleService=showArticle(1983) "Law, Economy and the State in England, 1750-1914: Some Major Issues" in in D. Sugarman (ed.), Legality, Ideology and the State, Academic Press, 213-266
(1983) "Restrictive Practices in Services Industries - The ABTA Case", The Company Lawyer 120-32
(1982) "Department of Trade Investigations and the Reform of Company Law", 3 The Company Lawyer 264-7
(1982) "Crime, Law and Authority in 19th Century Britain" 1 Middlesex Polytechnic History Journal (Issues 2 and 3), 28-141 (Senior author. Co-authored with J. Palmer and G.R. Rubin)
(1981) "Theory and Practice in Law and History: A Prologue to the Study of the Relationship between Law and Economy from a Socio-Historical Perspective" in Law, State and Society (ed. B. Fryer et al, Croom Helm, 70-106
(1981) "The Companies Act 1980: Insider Dealing" (1981) 2 The Company Lawyer 13-21
(1981) Comment on Recent Changes in Department of Trade Policy on the appointment of Department of Trade Inspectors, 2 The Company Lawyer 78-81
(1980) Comment on the Court of Appeal's decision in Macarthys Ltd v Smith (1979) 3, All. ER 325, 1, The Company Lawyer 203-206
(1980) "Review Essay: M.J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860", The British Journal of Law and Society (winter issue) 297-310 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1409666?&Search=yes&term=David&term=Sugarman&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DDavid%2BSugarman%26wc%3Don&item=9&ttl=1641&returnArticleService=showArticle
(1979) "The Regulation of Insider Trading in Britain" in The Regulation of the British Securities Industry, (ed. B. A. K. Rider, Oyez) 17-23.
(1977) "'Three in One': Trusts, Licences and Veils", (1977) 93 The Law Quarterly Review 170-176. Co-authored with Frank Webb.
(1975) "The Minority Shareholder", 91 The Law Quarterly Review, 482-487
(1974) "Britain and the European Economic Community" 10 Texas International Law Journal 279-320
(1974) "Seeing Through the Double-Dutch of Corporate Opportunity", (1974) 52 Canadian Bar Review, 280-290
ALLIED ACTIVITIES
Prof. Sugarman is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society; Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Studies, London University; Research Affiliate, Centre for Comparative Legal History, Macquarie Law School; and Network Partner, International Max Planck Research School for Comparative Legal History, Frankfurt, Germany.
He has held visiting professorships at Barcelona, Johns Hopkins, McGill, Munster, Osaka, Princeton and Western Ontario, and Distinguished Visiting Fellowships at Amherst, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (London), Manchester, Princeton and Wisconsin.
He is a member of, or, previously served on the Editorial Boards of, Clio and Themis (the European Review of Legal History produced by the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, 2007-); Law and Society Review (1998-2000); Legal Ethics (1997-); The Journal of Legal History (1995-); The International Journal of the Legal Profession (1994-); The Canadian Journal of Law and Society (1992-); Studies in Law, Politics and Society (1990-); Continuity and Change: a Journal of Social Structure, Law and Demography (1990-1995); Law and Social Inquiry: Journal of the American Bar Foundation (1989-2001); The Company Lawyer (1980-) (1980-84, Founding Associate Editor).
Prof. Sugarman has delivered over 300 academic papers in over 20 countries, many as invited key note speaker.
Recent and forthcoming keynote lectures include: "Courts, Human Rights and Transitional Justice. Lessons from Chile", the École Normale Supérieure, 1 April 2008; "Educación de la profesión jurídica: tendencias globales y su relación con la Defensa Penal Pública", Universidad de Talca (Santiago campus), Santiago de Chile, 7 May 2008; "Educación de la profesión jurídica: tendencias globales", Law School, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile, 9 May 2008; "A Battleground of Memory and Justice. Chile since the 1973 Coup", Symposium: 'Coming to terms with Europe's traumatic pasts - an international comparison', the Bruno Kreisky Forum for International Dialogue, Vienna, 26 June 2008; "Unspeakable Truths. Hatred and Justice in Chile since the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990)", City of Lancaster Annual Holocaust Day Lecture, The Dukes Theatre, Lancaster, 29 January 2009 (this lecture was supported by Lancaster City Council, the National Coalition Building Institute (NCBI) and Amnesty International (Lancaster); "A Battleground of Memory and Justice. Chile since the 1973 Coup", War Crimes Conference, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, 21 February 2009; "The Human Rights Turn in 'Post-Pinochet' Chile", International Forum Conference, Bologna, 6 March 2009; "Back to the '70s: The Revolution in Legal Scholarship and Education Revisited", Society of Legal Scholars Centennial Conference, Keele University, 8 September 2009.
Other recent and forthcoming lectures include: "The Influence of Morton Horwitz in the English-Speaking World Beyond the USA", A Conference in Honor of Professor Morton Horwitz, Harvard Law School, 27 September, 2008; "The prospects for prosecutions of leaders who commit genocide and other international crimes ten years after the Pinochet case." Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes. Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs), London, 9 October 2008; "The Human Rights Turn in 'Post-Pinochet' Chile", Workshop on Memory and Justice, Lancaster University, 15 May 2009; Contributor, Lawyers, Courts, Judges and Law School: A celebration of Robert Stevens' Scholarship, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, 9 June 2009; "Problematizing Virtue. Reflections on International Human Rights Activism", ESRC Ethics Workshop, 'Research Ethics as Practice at the Global Crossroads', Lancaster University, 22 June 2009; "The Human Rights Turn in 'Post-Pinochet' Chile", Oxford Transitional Justice Research (OTJR) International Conference - "Taking Stock of Transitional Justice", University of Oxford, 27 June 2009.
Professor Sugarman has served as an Elected Member, Board of Trustees of the Law and Society Association (1988-1990) and the American Society for Legal History (2006-2008), Member, the Sutherland Prize Committee and the Future of the Society Committee of the American Society for Legal History and the James Willard Hurst Prize in Socio-Legal History Committee, and the External Relations Working Party of the Law and Society Association. He was Research Director, British Institute of Securities Laws, Jesus College, Cambridge, 1970-1990. He founded and co-organised (with Paul Brand and John Styles), The Law and Society Seminar, Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 1985-92, and founded, and was the inaugural chair of, the Legal History Section of the Society of Legal Scholars. He was Convenor (with Prof. W. Wesley Pue), Project on the Cultural History of the Legal Profession, International Sociological Association, Working Group on Comparative Legal Professions. Heis a Member of the Bentham Committee (which supervises the Bentham Project, a British Academy sponsored project, to produce a new scholarly edition of the works of Jeremy Bentham). He is also a member ofthe Advisory Council and Higher Degrees Committee, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Studies, London University.
He was awarded the Lancaster University Teaching Prize (2007) in recognition of his innovative curriculum design with respect to "Responses to Massive Violations of Human Rights" and the way that he inspired student learning.
He has briefed, and continues to brief, non-governmental organisations and government departments on international human rights issues. For example, he visited Chile in May 2008 to observe and assess the work of the recently established Criminal Public Defenders (Defensoria Penal Publica) at the invitation ofthe Defensoria and the British Council (Chile).