The introduction of agriculture to Europe was a complicated process that had a profound impact on human settlement and the natural landscape. Excavations at Oslonki in north-central Poland have revealed a settlement of early farmers from approximately 4300--4000 B.C. Between 1989 and 1994, 30 trapezoidal longhouses and 80 graves were revealed in an area of 15,000 sq m, along with numerous pits filled with household rubbish. A fortification ditch, built in two stages, is the first such Early Neolithic feature found in this part of central Europe. The analysis of the houses, burials, and pit contents permits the investigation of household organization and the procurement and use of various raw materials by the inhabitants of Oslonki. This article reports the preliminary results of this research.