“’My Chief Desire Is To Be Useful And Do Something
For My Native State:’
The Reconstruction of George Washington Custis Lee”
J. Tracy
Power, South Carolina Department
of Archives and History
The
wrenching shock of Confederate defeat and grim realities of immediate postwar
adjustment, in personal and individual terms as well as in more obvious ones,
needs a closer examination and more penetrating explication than it has received
from most Civil War and Southern historians.
All too often the end of the war is seen as anticlimactic, as if it
were something white Southerners had been consciously or unconsciously preparing
themselves for since the twin disasters of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, and as if the spring of 1865 was marked by relief,
resignation, and acceptance more than by shock, despair, and bitterness.
The war was over, and that was that—or so many scholarly and popular
studies would have us believe. The reconstruction of the immediate postwar
South, furthermore, is so often viewed through the lenses of politics, economics,
race, or some combination of the three that its devastating impact on countless
white Southern families and individuals is minimized or ignored altogether.
The
young men who have been called "the last generation" of antebellum
Virginia were among those most psychologically affected by
the disruption of the war and its aftermath.
Those sons of the white elite born in the 1830s and educated in the
decade immediately before secession were the leaders on whom the future of
their native state, and perhaps by extension the South as well, would depend.
As the sectional crisis intensified throughout the mid-to-late 1850s
they prepared themselves for the very real possibility that they might have
to do literally what they had offered to do rhetorically: fight to preserve
the society their fathers were entrusting to them.
Once the war came, they fought enthusiastically, bravely, and at a
tremendous cost. This generation lost so much—whether physically,
professionally, financially, or most of all, psychologically—that their lives
were shaped and fractured as a result.
One
member of that generation, who had in many ways more to live up to than any
of his peers, fell so far short of expectations—of observers, friends, family,
and most of all, himself—during the war and after it that his disappointments
have defined him. George Washington Custis Lee (1832-1913),
the eldest son of Robert E. and Mary Custis Lee,
carried the combined burdens of the Washington and Lee family names and his
record as a soldier, through little or no fault of his own, appeared in stark
contrast to those of his grandfather "Light-Horse-Harry" and, of
course, his father. Custis Lee seemed, in the words of his friend W. Gordon McCabe—to
have “tasted but bitterly of the meagre ‘chance’
given him by fate, or fortune, or call it what you will.” This paper will
examine the ways in which Lee attempted to reconstruct himself in the new
world of the immediate postwar South.
After
graduating first in his class at West
Point in 1854, serving as an engineer in the antebellum
United States Army, and then casting his lot with the Confederacy, Lee was
assigned as an aide to Jefferson Davis, a position he held until the last
few months of the war, in spite of his often-expressed desire to
command combat troops. His disappointment at not being allowed to shine as
a soldier, in a profession at which his grandfather, father, and even younger
brothers all won their share of glory, remained with him for the rest of his
life and was compounded by the frustrations of the immediate postwar years.
Lee
was soon offered a post teaching at the Virginia Military Institute and would
have probably remained a professor there had the board of trustees at Washington College not renamed the school Washington and Lee University and appointed him president at his father's death
in 1870. This position, one for which
he had the necessary intellect but not the necessary energy and enthusiasm,
was one which he did not seek and accepted only out of a sense of duty to
his father, the college, and the young men of Virginia. One of his first acts was to propose a comprehensive
plan for the growth and development of Washington and Lee. When his plan, an ambitious one modeled on his
father's plans for the school, was tabled by the trustees out of concerns
over financial constraints, Lee became discouraged and confined himself to
purely administrative matters rather than more substantive ones. He was often ill, just as often depressed, and
tried for more than 25 years thereafter to resign the presidency, each time
only to be refused by the trustees, desperate to cling to the Lee name to
keep the institution going. He finally
succeeded in resigning in 1897 and lived out the rest of his life in relative
seclusion.
As
his friend McCabe observed, “In the contemplation of his career, one cannot,
indeed, excape the constant suggestion of the touch of tragedy.”
The tragedy of Custis Lee might have been more pronounced–given his family
heritage—than that of most of his contemporaries, but it was not an unusual
fate among his generation, many of them young men who figuratively lost their
lives in a war in which so many had literally done so.