A UN reform we can support (depending on the fine print)

By Stewart Patrick

WASHINGTON--On Monday, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan will recommend sweeping reforms to the United Nations in a report to member states. The climate is hardly auspicious for grand designs.  Acrimony over the oil-for-food scandal, revelations of criminal misconduct by peacekeepers in Congo and congressional calls for Annan's resignation have brought U.S.-UN relations to a new low. By nominating hardliner John Bolton as U.S. envoy to the UN, President Bush has signaled his intent to keep the world body on a short leash.

But there is at least one area of potential common ground. Mr. Annan is calling for a new Peacebuilding Commission to improve the UN's performance in preventing failure of countries and launching post-conflict recovery. The Bush administration has signaled its support in principle.  

What explains this return to multilateralism by a unilateralist administration?  Simply, the White House has learned from painful experience in Afghanistan and Iraq that failing states are dangerous, and that stabilizing war-torn countries is hard work requiring robust national and international capabilities. 

At home, the administration has created a new State Department office to coordinate future U.S. involvement in postwar reconstruction. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld has ordered a greater focus on counterinsurgency and stability operations.  As the United States gets its own house in order, we can hardly object to UN efforts to do the same. 

The broad outlines of a UN Peacebuilding Commission came in a December report to the Secretary-General, generated by the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. The panel recommended that the Security Council create a new body to help countries "avoid state collapse and the slide to war or to assist countries in their transition from war to peace." 

This idea is a winner. As panel member and former national security adviser Brent Scowcroft has argued, current UN efforts to prevent conflict, conduct peacekeeping and assist reconstruction are woefully fragmented. A Peacebuilding Commission could improve the coherence and continuity of UN policymaking. It would advise the Security Council on integrated strategies for crisis countries, link the security and development components of UN involvement, and help discipline the unwieldy collection of UN agencies. It would also provide a standing forum to ensure that national governments, international financial institutions and UN agencies remain focused on post-conflict countries--even after the initial crisis passes. Sustained attention is critical, because half of all countries lapse back into violence within five years.

 

But as always, "the devil is in the details." The panel report is frustratingly vague on key issues, from the structure and membership of the commission to its mandate and budget.  To gain Washington's endorsement, Annan will need to accommodate U.S. preferences on three key principles.  

First, the Security Council must be in charge: to have real impact, the commission must be subject to the decision-making authority of the Security Council. Some developing countries are pushing the Commission to report to the Economic and Social Council or the General Assembly.  But both institutions are dysfunctional and impotent, and the administration will rightly insist that the Security Council alone should determine when and where the commission engages.

Second, membership must be limited to those that bring something to the table: membership is bound to be a controversial issue. The core members of the commission should include the permanent five members of the Security Council, augmented by major troop and financial contributors. The World Bank, IMF and UN Secretariat should also participate on an ongoing basis. Moreover, the commission should be flexible enough to include other observers, including regional organizations and affected countries, on a case-by-case basis.

Finally, the commission must not break the bank: the strained U.S. budget has reinforced Washington's traditional demands for UN fiscal discipline. The administration and congress will insist that any personnel and resources for the commission and adjunct offices be offset by cuts elsewhere. They will also cast a skeptical eye on the $250 million UN Peacebuilding Fund proposed to accompany the commission. To secure it, Mr.Annan will need to underline the modesty of the U.S. contribution--just twenty cents per U.S. citizen each year (based on a 25% U.S. share)--and the long term cost savings of a UN rapid response capability.

In his December speech in Halifax, President Bush committed the United States to a strategy of "effective multilateralism." The Peacebuilding Commission offers an early test case of this commitment.  If the Secretary-General can satisfy U.S. concerns, the Bush administration must live up to its side of the bargain and support a positive change that will help make the UN a more effective partner.