References to Course Material

• Section 1. The Clinical Approach to STD Patients
• Section 2. Syphilis

• Section 3. Gonococcal Infections
• Section 4. Chlamydial Infections
• Section 5. Human Papillomavirus Infections
• Section 6. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections
• Section 7. Syndromic Approach to the Management of STDs
• Section 8. Viral Hepatitis

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Section 1.
The Clinical Approach to STD Patients

1. Lipkin M, Putnam SM, Lazare A. The Medical Interview: Clinical Care, Education and Research. American Academy on Physicians and Patients. Fontiers of Primary Care. 1995.
2. Bates, B. A Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. JB Lippincott Co. PA 1999.
3. Fertida L. Pelvic Examination Manual. Tufts University School of Medicine.

Section 2. Syphilis

General

1. Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Jr., Bennett JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 3rd Edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc., 1990.
2. Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd Edition New York: McGraw-Hill Book, Co., 1999.
3. CDC. 2002 Guidelines for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, MMWR 2002 (Vol. 51/No. RR-7):1-116.

Syphilis

1. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 15-1984. New England Journal of Medicine 1984; 310: 972-981.
2. Rolfs RT and Nakashima AK. Epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, 1981 through 1989. JAMA. 1990; 264:1432-1437.
3. Hart G. Syphilis test in diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:368-376.
4. Brown ST, Zaidi A, Larsen SA. Serologic response to syphilis treatment. A new analysis of old data. JAMA. 1985; 253:1296-1299.
5. Miller JN. Value and limitations of nontreponemal and treponemal test in the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. Clin Obst Gyn. 1975;18:191-203.
6. Simon RP. Neurosyphilis. Arch Neurol. 1985; 42:606-61.
7. Allan SG, Smith CC, Downie AG. Neurosyphilis revisited. A contemporary wolf in sheep's clothing? Scott J Med. 1983; 28:57-61.
8. Hooshmand H, Escobar MR, Kopf SW. Neurosyphilis, A study of 241 patients. JAMA. 1972; 219: 726-729.
9. Traviesa DC, Prystowsky SD, Nelson BJ, Johnson KP. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in asymptomatic patients with reactive serum fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption tests. Ann Nerol 1978; 4:524-530
10. Rudolph AH. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid in syphilis. Cutis. 1976; 17:749-752.
11. Jaffe HW, Larsen SA, Peters M, Jove DF, Lopez B, Shroeter AL. Tests for treponemal antibody in CSF. Arch Intern Med. 1978; 138:252-255.
12. Madiedo G, HO K-C, Walsh P. False-positive VDRL and FTA in cerebrospinal fluid. JAMA. 1980; 244:688-68.
13. Wiesel J, Rose DN, Silver AL, Sacks HS, Bernstien RH, Lumbar puncture in asymptomatic late syphilis. Analysis of the benefits and risks. Arch Intern Med. 1985; 145:465-468.
14. Ericksen SE, Hurt SW, Davis JM. Inadequate treatment of neurosyphilis with penicillin (letter). New England Journal of Medicine 1976; 23:1296.
15. Tramont EC. Persistence of Treponema pallidum following penicillin G therapy. Report of two cases. JAMA. 1976; 236:2206-2207.
16. Greene BM, Miller NR, Bynum TE. Failure of penicillin G benzathine in the treatment of neurosyphilis. Arch Intern Med. 1980; 140:1117-1118.
17. Collart P, Poitevin M. Is penicillin therapy always infallible in syphilis? J Clin Jeuro-ophthalmol. 1982; 2:77-83.
18. Manu P, Varade W. Penicillin therapy for asymptomatic neurosyphilis: inpatient, intravenous or outpatient, intramuscular? (letter) Lancet. 1982; 924-925.
19. Spoor TC, Wynn P, Hartell WC, Bryan CS. Ocular syphilis. Acute and Chronic. J Clin Neuro-ophthal. 1983; 3:197-203.
20. Markovitz DM, Beutner KR, Maggio RP, Reichman RC. Failure of recommended treatment for secondary syphilis. JAMA. 1986; 255:1767-1768.
21. Sindrup JH, Weismann K, Wantzin GL. Syphilis in HTLV-III infected male homosexuals. AIDS Research. 1986; 2:285-288.
22. CDC. Congenital syphilis - United States, 1983-1985. MMWR. 1986; 35:625-628.
23. CDC. Guidelines for the prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR 1988; 37 (Suppl. S-1) :1-13.
24. Ikeda MK and Jenson HB. Evaluation and treatment of congenital syphilis. J Pediatrics. 1990; 117:843-852.
25. Hicks CB, et al. Seronegative secondary syphilis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with Kaposi's sarcoma. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 107:492-495.
26. Johns DR, Tierney M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:1569-1572
27. Berry CD, et al. Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317:1587-1589
28. CDC. Increase in primary and secondary syphilis - United States. MMWR, 1987; 36:393-396
29. Dawson S, Evans BA, Lawrence AG. Benign tertiary syphilis and HIV infection. AIDS. 1988; 2:315-316
30. CDC. Recommendations for diagnosing and treating syphilis in HIV infected patients. MMWR. 1988; 39:600-608
31. Lukehart SA, et al. Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Int Med. 1988; 109:855-862
32. Musher DM. How much penicillin cures early syphilis? (editorial); Ann Int Med. 1988; 109:849-851
33. Hook EW III, Roddy RE, Handsfield HH. Ceftriaxone therapy for Incubating and Early Syphilis. J Infect. Disease. 1988; 158:881-884
34. Burstain JM, et al. Sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum by using the polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microb. 1991; 29:62-69
35. LeFevre JC, Bertrand MA, Bauriaud R. Evaluation of the captia enzyme immunoassays for detection of immunoglobulins G and M to Treponema pallidum in syphilis. J. Clin. Microb. 1990; 28:1704-1707
36. Muller F, Moskophidis M, Schmitz H. Intrathecal synthesis of specific IgG in syphilitic patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. J. Neurol. 1988; 235:252-253
37. Matlow AG, Rachlis AR. Syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with symptomatic neurosyphilis: case report and review. Rev. Infec. Dis. 1990; 12:703-707
38. Haas JS, et al. Sensitivity of treponemal tests for detecting prior treated syphilis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infec. Dis. 1990; 162:862-866
39. Hay PE, et al. Detection of treponemal DNA in the CSF of patients with syphilis and HIV infection using the polymerase chain reaction. Genitourin Med. 1990; 66:428-432
40. Katz DA, Berger JR. Neurosyphilis in acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment. Annal of Internal Medicine. 19899; 46:895-898
41. Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Baughn RE. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis. Genitourin. Med. 1990; 113:872-881
42. Hay P, et al. Gummatous lesions in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis. Genitourin Med. 1990; 66:374-379
43. Romanowski B, et al. Serologic response to treatment of infectious syphilis. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114:1005-1009
44. Holtom PD, et al. Prevalence of neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with latent syphilis. AM. J. Med. 1992; 93:481-488
45. Katz DA, Berger JR, Duncan RC. Neurosyphilis. A comparative study of the effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Neurol. 1993; 50:243-249
46. Hutchinson CM and Hook EW III. Syphilis in adults. Med Clin N mer. 1990; 74:1389-141
47. Musher DM. Syphilis, Neurosyphilis, Penicillin and AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1991; 163:1201-1206
48. Gourevitch MN. Et al. Effects of HIV Infection on the serologic manifestations and response to treatment of syphilis in intravenous drug users. Ann Int Med. 1993; 118:350-355
49. Gregory N, Sanchez M, Buchness MR. The spectrum of syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Acad. Dermatol. 1990; 22:1061-7
50. Ficarra G et al. Early oral presentation of lues maligna in a patient with HIV infection. Oral Pathol 1993; 75:728-732
51. Berger JR et al. Syphilitic cerebral gumma with HIV infection. Neurology. 1992; 42:1282-1287
52. Nathan L et al. Penicillin levels following the administration of benzathine penicillin G in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol 1993; 82:338-34
53. Rolfs et al. A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:307-314
54. Larsen SA, Steiner BM, Rudolph AH. Laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of tests for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:1-21.
55. Hook EW, Marra CM. Acquired syphilis in adults. NEJM 1992;326:1060-69.
56. Flood JM et al. Neurosyphilis during the AIDS epidemic, San Francisco, 1985-1992. J Infect Dis 1998;177:931-40.
57. Lee MJ et al. Maternal syphilis and vertical perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998;63:247-52
58. Pope V et al. Comparison of the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination Captia Syphilis-G and Spirotek Reagin II tests with standard test techniques for diagnosis of syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2543-45
59. Larsen SA et al. A Manual of Test for Syphilis 9th Edition. APHA 1998 Washington, DC. Suppl 1999
60. Serodia TP-PA package insert. 1997
61. Hernandez-Aquado I, et al. False positive test for syphilis associated with HIV and hepatitis B virus infection among IVDU. Valencian Study Group on HIV Epidemiology Eru J Microbiol Infec Dis 1998;17:783-7
62. Joyannes P et al. The association of false positive RPR results and HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:569-71
63. Janier M et al. A prospective study of the influence of HIV status on the seroreversion of serologic tests for syphilis. Dermatology 1999;198:362-9.
64. Augenbraun M et al. Treponemal specific tests for the serodiagnosis of syphilis. Syphilis and HIV Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:549-52
65. Erberling EJ et al. Syphilis serology in HIV infection: evidence for se negative FTA-ABS. J INfect Dis 1997;176:1397-1400
66. Halling et al. Clinical comparison of the Treponema pallidum Captia Syphilis-G EIA with the FTA-ABS IgG for syphilis testing. J Clini Microbiol 1999;37:3233-4
67. Schmidt BL et al. Comparative evaluation of nine different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for determination of antibodies against Treponema pallidum in patients with primary syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1279-82
68. Murphy FT et al. The use of Western Blotting as the confirmatory test for syphilis in patients with rheumatic disease. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2448-53
69. Alexander JM et al. Efficacy of treatment for syphilis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:5-8
70. Myles TD et al. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and fetal monitoring changes in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:859-64
71. Hook EW et al. Azithromycin compared with penicillin G benzathine for treatment of incubating syphilis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:434-7.
72. Hutchinson et al. Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:94-1

Section 3. Gonococcal Infections

1. Hook EW, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult. Chapter 14 in Holmes KK et al (ed), Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2nd edition. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
2. Handsfield HH, et al. A comparison of single dose cefixime with ceftriaxone as treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea. NEJM 1991; 325: 1337.
3. Rice RJ et al. Socio-demographic distribution of gonorrhea incidence: implications for prevention and behavioral research. Am J Pub Health 1991; 81: 125.
4. Scwarcz SK et al. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. JAMA 1990; 264: 1413.
5. Cohen MS, Sparling PF. Mucosal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: bacterial adaptation and mucosal defenses.  J Clin Invest 1992; 80: 1699-1705.
6. Washington AE et al. Cost-effectiveness of combined treatment for endocervical gonorrhea: considering co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. JAMA 1987; 257: 2056-2060.
7. Tanaka M et al. High prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Japan. Genitourin Med; 70: 90-93.
8. USDDHS, PHS, CDC. Sexually Transmitted Disease surveillance 2002. April 2001.
9. USDHHS, PHS, CDC. 2002 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. MMWR. January 1, 2002.
10. Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infections.  CID 1995; 20(suppl 1): S47-65.
11. Gene M, Ruusuvaara L, Mardh PA. An economic evaluation of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent males. JAMA. 270:2057-64, 1993.
12. Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ, et al. A controlled trial of a single dose of Azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydia urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 327: 921-5, 1992.
13. Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks PA, Wasserheit JN, Cates J Jr, Westrom L. Delayed care for pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impaired fertility. Am Obstet Gynecol 168: 1503-9, 1993.
14. Morse SA. Proceedings from Update on STDs: Selected topics on the management of STDs. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of gonorrhea and chlamydia. December 4, 1996, Boston, Mass.
15. Palladino, s. et al. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae genitourinary infections in males by the Amplicor PCR assay of urine. Diagnosticc Micorbiology and Infectious Disease. 33():141-6, 1999 Mar.
16. Carroll, KC., et al. Evaluation of the Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine and genital swab specimens form a sexually transmitted disease clinic population. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36(6):1630-3, 1998 Jun.
17. Turner, CF, et al. Untreated gonococcal and chlamydial infection in a probability sampld of adults. JAMA 287:726-733;Feb 2002.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. 2002. MMWR 2002;51(No. RR-115):p3-7

Section 4. Chlamydial Infections

Chlamydial Infections

1. DHHS, PHS, CDC. 2002 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. MMWR Vol. 47/No. RR-1/J May 2002.
2. Cates W, Wasserheit JN, Marchbanks PA. Pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility: the preventable conditions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;709:179-95.
3. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE et al. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1362-66.
4. Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the adult. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill 1999.
5. Stamm WE, Mardh P-A: Chlamydia trachomatis in Sexually Transmitted diseases, 3rd Edition, edited by KK Holmes, P-A Mardh, PF Sparling, PJ Wiesner, McGraw-Hill, pp917-925, 1999.
6. Stamm WE, et al. Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonoccocal urethritis sydrome in men JAMA 274:545-41, 1995.
7. Hillis SD, Wasserheit JN. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334:1399-1401, 1996.
8. Stamm WE: Azithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infections. Amer J Med 91 (3A):3A-19S-3A-22S, 1991.
9. Schachter J, Stamm WE, Chernesky MA, Hook EW III, Jones RB, Judson FN, Kellogg JA, LeBar B, Mardh P-A, McCormack WM, Quinn TC, Ridgway GL, Taylor-Robinson D. Nonculture tests for genital tract Chlamydial infection: what does the package insert mean, and will it mean the same thing tomorrow? Sexually Transmitted Diseases 19:243-44, 1992.
10. . Bauwens JE, Clark AM, Loeffelholz MJ, Herman SA, Stamm WE. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in men by polymerase chain reaction assay of first-catch urine. J Clin Microbiol 33:3013-3016, 1993
11. Bauwens JE, Clark AM, Stamm WE. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections by a commercial polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 33:3023-3027, 1993.
12. Stergachis A, Scholes D, Heidrich FE, Sherer DM, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Selective screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a primary care population of women. American Journal of Epidemiology 138:143-53, 1993.
13. Toward control of sexually transmitted chlamydial infections. Ann Intern Med 119:432-434, 1993
14. Chernesky MA, Lee H, Schachter J, Burczak JD, Stamm WE, McCormack WM, Quinn TC. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic men by testing first-void urine in a ligase chain reaction assay. J Infect Dis 170:1308-11, 1994.
15. Lee HH, Chernesky MA, Schachter J, Burczak JD, Andrews WW, Muldoon S, Leckie G, Stamm WE. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women by ligase chain reaction assay of urine. Lancet 345:213-216, 1995.
16. Genc M, Mardh PA. A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening and treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in asymptomatic women. Ann Intern Med 124:1-7, 1996
17. Piot P, Van Der Hoek A, Van Damme L, Laga M. Epidemiology and control of genital chlamydial infection. In: Orfila J, Byrne G, Chernesky M, Grayson JT, Jones RB, Saikku P, et al., eds. Chlamydial Infections. Bologna, Italy: Societa Editrice Esculapio; 7-15, 1994.
18. Schacter J, Stamm WE, Quinn TC, Andrews WW, Burczak JD, Lee HH. Ligase chain reaction to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix. J Clin Microbiol. 32:2540-3, 1994
19. Gene M, Ruusuvaara L, Mardh PA. An economic evaluation of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent males. JAMA. 270:2057-64, 1993.
20. Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ, et al. A controlled trial of a single dose of Azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydia urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 327:921-5, 1992
21. Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks PA, Wasserheit JN, Cates J Jr, Westrom L. Delayed care for pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impared fertility. Am Obstet Gynecol 168:1503-9, 1993
22. CDC. Take Action on HEDIS 2000. cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/HEIDS.htm.
23. Chernesky MA et al. Urinary Inhibitors of PCR and LCR and testing of multiple specimens may contribute to lower assay sensitivites for diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis infected women. Mol Cell Probes 1997;11:243-9
24. Jones CA, Knaup RC, Hayes M, Stoner BP. Urine screening for gonococcal and chlamydial infections at community-based organizations in a high morbidity area. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:146-51.
25. Pack RP, Diclemente RJ, Hook EW, Oh MK. High prevalence of asymptomatic STDs incarcerated minority male youth: a case for screening. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:175-7.
26. Cohen DA, Nsuami M, Martin DH, Farley TA. Repeated school-based screening for sexually transmitted diseases a feasible strategy for reaching adolescents. Pediatrics 1999;104:1281-5
27. Brodine SK et al. Asymptomatic sexually transmitted idsease prevalence in four military populations: application of DNA amplification assays for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening. J Infec Dis 1998;178:1202-4
28. Oh MK et al. Urine-based screening of adolescents in detection centers to guide treatment for gonococcal and chlamydial infections. Translating research into intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:52-6
29. Somani J, Bhullar VB, Workowski KA, Farshy CE, Black CM. Multiple drug resistant Chlamydia trachomatis associated with clinical treatment failure. J Infect Dis 2000;18:1421-7
30. Adair CD et al. Chlamydia in pregnancy: a randomized trial of azithromycin and erythromycin. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:165-8
31. Whebeh HA, Ruggeirio RM, Shahem S, Lopez G, Ali Y. Single dose azithromycin for chlamydia in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 1998;43:509-14
32. Burstein GR et al. Incident Chlamydia trachomatis infections among inner-city adolescent females. JAMA 1998;280:251-6
33. CDC. HIV Prevention through early detection and treatment of other STDs USA. MMWR 1998;47 (RR-2)
34. Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis inections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10:160-184
35. Mahoney J et al. Urine Specimens from pregnant and nonpregnant women inhibitory to amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid by PCR, LCR and TMA: Identification of urinary substances associated with inhibition and removal of inhibitory activity. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:3122-6
36. Bianchi et al. Kinetics of Chlamydia trachomatis clearance in patients with azithromycin, as assessed by first void urine testing by PCR and TMA. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:366-7
37. Bowden FJ. Reappraising the value of the LET in the age of nucleic amplification. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:322-6
38. Davis JD et al. A comparison of ligase chain reaction to polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections. Infect DisObstet Gynecol 1998;6:57-60
39. Wylie JL et al. Comparative evaluation of chlamydiazyme, PACE 2, and AMP-CT assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:348888-91
40. Stary A et al. Performance of TMA and LCR assays for the detection of Chlamydial infections in urogenital samples obtained by invasive and noninvasive methods. J Clin Microbio 1998;36:2666-70
41. Crotchfelt KA et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chalmydia trachomatis Assay (AMP-CT) in urine specimens from men and women and endocervical specimens from women. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:391-4
42. Chernesky M et al. Impact of reference standard sensitivity on accuracy of rapid antigen detection assays and a LET for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in first void urine specimens from men. J Clin Microbiol 1998;37:2777-80
43. Palladino, S. et al. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae genitourinary infections in males by the Amplicor PCR assay of urine. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 33 (3):141-6, 1999 March.
44. Carroll, KC., etal. Evaluation of the Abbott LCx ligase chain reaction of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine and genital swab specimens from a sexaully transmitted disease clinic population. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (6): 1630-3, 1998 June.
45. Turner, CF et al. Untreated agonococcal and chlamydial infection in a probability sample of adults. JAMA. 287:726-733; Feb 2002.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screeining Tests To Detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection- 2002. MMWR 2002;51 (no. RR-15):p3-7.
47. Gaydos, CA, Crotchfelt KA, Shah N, Tennant M, Quinn TC, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Rompalo AM. Evaluation of dry and wet transported intravaginal swabs in detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in female soldiers by PCR. J Clin Micro 40:758-61, March 2002.
48. Rietmeijer CA, VanBenmelen R, Judson FN, Douglas JM Jr. Incidence and repeat infection rates of Chlamydia trachomatis among male and female patients in an STD clinic: Implications for screening and rescreening. Sex Transm Infect 29 (2): 65-72, Feb, 2002.
49. CDC Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2002. MMWR 2002;51(No. RR-15);1-39.

Section 5. Human Papillomavirus Infections

	Epidemiology	Diagnosis
	Biology and Oncogenic Potential	Treatment
	Pathogenesis	Immunosuppression
	Clinical Manifestations	Prevention

Epidemiology

1. Carson HJ, Demay RM. The mode ages of women with cervical dysplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1993 82:432-4.
2. CDC. Prevention of genital HPV infection and sequelae: report of an external consultants' meeting. December 1999;DHHS,CDC Division of STD Prevention.
3. Daling JR, Sherman KJ, Weiss NS. Risk factors for condyloma acuminata in women. Sex Trans Dis 1986;13(1):16-18.
4. Dillner J, Lenner P, Lehtinen M, et al. A population based seroepidemiological study of cervical cancer. Cancer Res 1994 54:134-141.
5. Doll R, Franceschi S, Gallway J, et al. Genital warts and cervical neoplasia: an epidemiologic study. Br J Cancer 1983 48:621-628.
6. Feldman JG, Chirgwin K, Dehovitz JA, et al. The association of smoking and risk of condyloma accuminatum in women. Obstet Gynecol 1997 89:346-350.
7. Hildesheim A, et al. Persistence of type specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologycally normal women. J Infect Dis 1994;169:235-240.
8. Ho G, et al. Natural History of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. NEJM 1998;338:423-428.
9. Koutsky LA, Galloway DA, Holmes KK. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Epidemiol Rev 1988 10:122-163.
10. Munoz N, Kato I, Xavier Boschf et al. Risk factors for HPV DNA detection in middle aged women. Sex Transm Dis 1996, 23:504-10.
11. Negrini BP, Schiffman MH, Kurman RJ, et al. Oral contraceptive use, human papilloma virus infection and risk of early cytologic abnormalities of the cervix. Cancer Res 1990 50:4670-4675.
12. Scarewiski A, Jarvis MJ, Sasieni P, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on cervical lesion size. Lancet 1996 347:941-3.
13. Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Hoover RN, et al. Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993 85:958-964.
14. Trevathan E, Layde P, Webster LA, et al. Cigarette smoking and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. JAMA 1983 250:499-502.
15. Winkelstein W. Smoking and cancer of the uterine cervix: hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 1977 106:257-259.
16. 16. Xavierbosch F, Manos MM, Munoz N, et al. Prevalence of humanpapillomavirus in cervical cancer, a world wide prospective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995 87:796-802.
17. Strauss S, Sastry P, Sonnex C, Edwards S, Gray J. Contamination of environmental surfaces by genital human papillomaviruses. Sex Transm Inf, 78(2):135-8. 2002 apr.

Biology and Oncogenic Potential

1. Burnett AF, Grendys EC, Willett GD, et al. Preservation of multiple oncogenic human papilloma virus types in recurrences of early stage cervical cancers. J Obstet Gynecol 1993 170:1230-33.
2. Fukushima M, Yamakawa Y, Shimano S, et al. The physical state of human papillomavirus 16 DNA in cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer 1990 66:2155-2161
3. Higgins GD, Phillips GE, Smith LA, et al. High prevalence of human papillomavirus transcripts in all grades of cervical intraepithelial glandular neoplasia. Cancer 1992 70:136-146.
4. Kaufman RH, Adam E, Icenogle J, et al. Relavence of human papillomavirus screening in management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 176:87-92.
5. Lungu O, Wei Sun X, Felix J, et al. Relationship of human papillomavirus type to grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. JAMA 1992 267:2493-2496.
6. MacNab JCM, Walkinshaw SA, Cordiner JW, et al. Human papillomavirus in clinically and histologically normal tissue of patients with genital cancer. N Engl J Med 1986 315:1052-1058.
7. Schneider A, Zahm DM, Greinke C, et al. Different detectability of high risk HPV in smears from incident and prevalent high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1997 65:399-404.
8. Syrjanen K, Mantyjarvi R, Saaricoski S, et al. Factors associated with progression of cervical human papillomavirus infections into carcinoma in situ during a long term prospective follow up. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1988 95:1096-1102.

Pathogenesis

1. Bollen LJM, Tjong-A-Hung SP, Van Der Velden J, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA after treatment of cervical dysplasia: low prevalence in normal cytologic smears. Cancer 1996 77:2538-2543.
2. Burke RD, Kelly P, Feldman J, et al. Declining prevalence of cervical vaginal human papillomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex Trans Dis 1996 23:333-341.
3. Chua KL, Hjerpe A. Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections preceding cervical cancer. Cancer 1996 77:121-127.
4. Der Villiers EM, Wagner D, Schneider A, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA in women without and with cytologic abnormalities: results of a five year follow up study. Gynecol Oncol 1992 44:33-39.
5. Ferenczy A, Mitao M, Nagai N, et al. Latent papillomavirus and recurring genital warts. N Engl J Med 1985 313:784-788.
6. Franco EL. Human papillomavirus and the natural history of cervical cancer. Inf in Med. 1993; Jan: 57-63
7. Kiviat N. Natural History of Cervical Neoplasia: overview and update. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996 175:1099-1104.
8. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, et al. A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II or III in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med 1992 327:1272-1278.
9. Moscicki AB, Palefsky J, Smith G, et al. Variability of human papillomavirus DNA testing in a longitudinal cohert of young woman. Obstet Gynecol 1993 82:578-585.
10. Nash JD, Burke TW, Hoskins WJ. Biologic course of cervical human papillomavirus infection. Obstet Gynecol 1987 69:160-162.
11. Ostor AG. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993 12:186-192.
12. Tate JE, Resnik M, Sheets EE, et al. Absence of papillomavirus DNA in normal tissue adjacent to most cervical intraepithelial neoplasms. Obstet Gynecol 1996 88:257-260.

Clinical Manifestations

1. Andersen WA, Franquemont DW, Williams J, et al. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and papillomavirus: two separate entities. Am J Obstet and Gynecol 1991 165:329-336.
2. Binder MA, Cates GW, Emson HE, et al. The changing concepts of condyloma. A retrospective study of colposcopically directed cervical biopsies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985 151:213-219.
3. Bornstein J, Kaufman RH, Adam E, et al. Human papillomavirus associated with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1987 70(1):75-80.
4. Bucema J, Naghashfar Z, Sawada E, et al. The predominance of human papillomavirus type 16 in vulvar neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1988 71:601-606.
5. Campion MJ. Clinical manifestations and natural history of genital human papillomavirus infection. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Amer 1987;14(2):363-388.
6. Fisher G, Harlow SD, Schottenfeld D. Gynecol Oncol 1997 64:213-223.
7. Gardeil F, Barry-Walsh C, Prendiville W, et al. Persistent intraepithelial neoplasia after excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III. Obstet Gynecol 1997 89:419-422.
8. Ikenberg H, Runge M, Goppinger E, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and invasive ca' of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 76:432-438.
9. Meisels A, Fortin R, Roy M. Condylomatous lesions of the cervix. 2. Cytologic colposcopic and histopathologic study. Acta Cytol 21:379-390.
10. Monsonego J, Zerat L, Catalan F, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infections: correlation of cytological, colposcopy and histologic features with viral types in women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 1993 4:13-20.
11. Nasiell K, Nasiell M, Vaclavinkova V. Behavior of moderate cervical dysplasia during long term follow up. Obstet Gynecol 1983 61:609-614.
12. Noffsinger A, Witte D, and Fenoglio-Preiser CM. The relationship of human papillomavirus to anorectal neoplasia. Cancer 1992 70:1276-1287
13. Planner RS, Hobbs JB. Human papillomavirus infection and associated intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix, vaginal and vulva. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol 1987 21:132-135.
14. Richart RM, Barron BA. A follow up study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969 105:386-393.
15. Schneider A, Devilliers EM, Schneider V. Multifocal squamous neoplasia of the female genital tract: significance of human papillomavirus infection of the vagina after hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1987 80:294-298.
16. Scinicariello F, Rady P, Saltzstein D, et al. Human papillomavirus 16 exhibits a similar integration pattern in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and in its metastasis. Cancer 1992 70:2143-2148.
17. Solomon, et al, for the Foreign Group Members and the Bethesda 2001 Workshop. 2001 Bethesday System-Terminology for Reporting Results of Cervical Cytology. JAMA 2002;287:2114-19.
18. Wright, et al. For the 2001 ASSCP Sponored Concensus Conference. 2001 Concensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cytological Abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287:2120-29

Diagnosis

1. Cuzick J, Scarewski A, Terry G, et al. Human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening. Lancet 1995 345:1533-1536.
2. Hatch KD, Schneider A, Abdel-Nour MW. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing for intermediate and high risks types as triage before colposcopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 172:1150-1157.
3. Lungu O, Wright TC, Silverstein S. Typing of human papillomaviruses by preliminary chain reaction amplification with L1 concensus primers and RFLP analysis. Mol Cell Probes 1992 6:145-152.
4. Reid R, Herschman BR, Crum CP, et al. Genital warts and cervical cancer Part V: The tissue basis for colposcopic change. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 149:293-303.
5. Reid R. Scalzi P. Genital warts and cervical cancer Part VII: An improved colposcopic index for differentiating benign papillomaviral infections from high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985 153:611-618.
6. Hatch KD. Multisite clinical outcomes trial to evaluate performance of the thinprep pap test. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95(SS1):S51.
7. Lentrichia BB, et al. Compatability of the thinprep pap test and the LCX probe system Chlamydia trachomatis assay. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95(SS4):S3-S4.
8. Manos M, et al. Identifying women with cervical neoplasia using human papillomavirus DNA testing for equicoval Pap results. JAMA 1999;281:1605-1610
9. Diaz-Rosario LA. Performance of a fluid-based thin-layer papanicolaou smear method in the clinical setting of an independent laboratory and an outpatient screening population in New England. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999;123:817-21
10. Brown AD, et al. Cost-effectiveness of 3 methods to enhance the sensitivity of pap testing. JAMA 1999;281:347-53
11. Weintrab J, et al. Efficacy of a liquid-based thin layer method for cervical cancer screening in a population with a low incidence of cervical cancer. Diagno Cytopathol 2000;22:52-9
12. Sherman ME, Schiffman M, Cox JT, et al. Effects of age and human papilloma viral loan on colposcopy triage: data from the randomized Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined significanc/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study (ALTS). Journ NCI, 94(2):102-7, 2002 Jan 16.

Treatment

1. Bornstein J, Ben-David Y, Atad J, et al. Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in invasive squamous cell carcinoma by interferon. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1993 48:251-260.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DHHS, PHS. 2002 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. Vol. 51, No. RR-7
3. Ferenczy A, Bergeron C, Richart RM. Carbon dioxide laser energy disperses human papillomavirus dioxyribonucleic acid onto treatment fields. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 163:1271-1274.
4. Fujisawa H, Shivji GM, Kondo S, et al. Effect of a novel topical immuno-modulator S-28463, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression and production. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996 16:555-559.
5. Greenberg MD, Rutledge LH, Reid R. et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of 0.5 percent Podofilox and placebo for the treatment of genital warts in women. Obstet Gynecol 1991 77:735-739.
6. Kraus SJ, Stone KM. Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus. Rev Inf Dis 1990;12(suppl 6):S620-632.
7. Krebs HB, Helmkamp BF. Chronic ulcerations following topical therapy with 5-Fluorouracil for vaginal human papillomavirus associated lesions. Obstet Gynecol 1991 78:205-208.
8. Petrilli ES, Townsend DE, Morrow CP et al. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: biological aspects and treatment with topical 5-Fluorouracil and the carbon dioxide laser. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980 138:321-328.
9. Sand-Petersen C, Bjerring P, Larsen J, et al. Systemic interferon alfa IIB increases the cure rate in laser treated patients with multiple persistent genital warts: A placebo controlled study. Genitourin Med 1991 67:99.
10. Reid R, Stanhope CR, Herschman BR et al. Genital warts and cervical cancer Part IV: A colposcopic index for differentiated subclinical papillomaviral infection from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 149:815-823.
11. Beutner KR, et al. External genital warts: report of the AMA Consensus Conference. AMA Expert Panel on EGW. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:796-806
12. Beutner KR, et al. Genital warts and their treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(SS1):S37-S46.
13. Edwards L, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:25-30.
14. Solomon D, Schiffman, Tarone R. Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: baseline results from a randomized trial. Journ NCI. 93(4): 293-9, 2001 Feb 21.

Immunosuppression

1. Euvrard S, Chardonnet Y, Pouteil-Noble C, et al. Association of skin malignancies with various and multiple carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human papillomaviruses in renal transplant recipients. Cancer 1993 72:2198-2206.
2. Sillman F, Stanek A, Sedlis A, et al. The relationship between human papillomavirus and lower genital intraepithelial neoplasia in immunosuppressed women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 150:300-308.
3. Naiman M, Tarricone N, Vieira J, et al. Colposcopic evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus - seropositive woman. Obstet Gynecol 1991 78: 84-88

Prevention

1. Lehtinen M, Paavonen J. Efficicy of preventive HPV vaccination. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12:771-6
2. Schiller J, Hildesheim A. Developing HPV virus-like-particles to prevent cervical cancer: a progress report. j Clin Virol 1997;71:2449-56
3. Castekksagye X, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl j Med. 346(15):1105-12, 2002 Apr 11.
4. Koutski, LA, et al. For the Proof of Principle Investigators. A Controlled Trial of HPV Type 16 Vaccine. NEJM 2003;347:1645-51.

Section 6. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections

1. ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 8, October 1999. Managment of Herpes in Pregnancy
2. Schomogyi M, Wald A, Corey L. HSV-2 Infection: An Emerging Disease? Inf. Dis Clin North Am 1998, 12(1):47-61
3. Schacker, T et al. Frequency of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic HSV-2 Reactivations among HIV- Infected Men. JID 1998, 178:1616-22
4. Scacker T, et al. "Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV reactivation in HIV- infected persons. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Int. Med 1998, 128:21-8
5. Arvin AM et al, "Failure of Antepartum Maternal Cultures to Predict the Infant's Risk of Exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus at Delivery," NEJM, 1986 (315) 796-800.
6. Augenbraun, M, et al, "Increased Genital Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in HIV-Seropositive Women," Ann Intern Med, 12/95 (123:11) 845-47.
7. 7 Augenbraun, MH, McCormack WM, "Sexually Transmitted Diseases in HIV-Infected Persons,"  Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (8:2) 439-48.
8. Benedetti J, Corey, L, Ashley R, "Recurrence Rates in Genital Herpes after Symptomatic First-Episode Infection, " Ann Int Med, 1994 (121) 847-54.
9. Bergstrom T, Vahlne A, Alestig K, et al. Primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2-induced meningitis.  J Infect Dis 1990;162:322-330
10. Beutner KR, "Valacyclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical efficacy,"  Antivir Res, 1995 (28) 281-90.
11. Brock BV, Selke S, Benedetti J, et al. Frequencyof acquisition of first-episode genital infection with herpes simplex virus from symptomatic and asymptomatic source contacts.  Sex. Trans. Dis. 1985;12:33-39
12. Brown ZA, et al, "Asymptomatic Maternal Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus at the Onset of Labor: Relationship to Preterm Labor," Obst & Gyn, 4/96 (87:4) 483-88
13. Cone RW, et al, "Frequent Detection of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction Among Pregnant Women," JAMA, 9/94 (272:10) 792-96.
14. Corey, L, "Genital Herpes," Chapt. 43, in Mardh P and Holmes, K,K., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, (1990), p. 449-73.
15. Crumpacker CL et al, "Acyclovir resistant HSV-2 isolates in patients with HIV infection," NEJM, 1993.
16. Fleming DT et al. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994, NEJM, 1997(337) 1105-1111
17. Frenkel LM, et al "Clinical Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in Seropositive Pregnant Women with No History of Genital Herpes," Ann Int Med, 1993 (118) 414-18.
18. Goldberg LH, et Acyclovir Study Group, "Long-term Suppression of Recurrent Genital Herpes with Acyclovir," Arch Derm, 5/93 (129) 582-87
19. Goodell SE, et al, "Herpes Simplex Virus Proctitis in Homosexual Men, " NEJM, 4/83 (308:15) 868-71.
20. Haddad J et al, "Oral Acyclovir and Recurrent Genital Herpes During Late Pregnancy," Obst & Gyn, 7/93 (82:1) 102-4.
21. Holmberg SC, et al, "Prior Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection,"  JAMA, 2/88 (259:7) 1048-50.
22. Johnson RE et al "A Seroepidemiologic Survey of the Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Type 2 infection in the United States, NEJM, (321) p. 8-12
23. 23. Koelle DM, Benedetti J, Langenberg A, Selke S, Corey L. Asymptomatic reactivation of herpes simplex virus in women after the first episode of genital herpes. Ann. Int. Med 1992;116:437-443
24. 24. Koutsky, LA, eta al, "Underdiagnosis of Genital Herpes by Current Clinical and Viral Isolation Procedures," NEJM, 6/92 (326:23)1533-1539.
25. 25. LaGuardia KD et al, "Genital Ulcer Disease in women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus,"  Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2/95 (172:2) 553-61.
26. Mertz, GJ, "Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections," Medical Clinics of North America, 11/90 (74:6) 1433-54.
27. Mertz 50. GJ, et al, "Risk Factors for the Sexual Transmission of Genital Herpes," Ann Int Med, 1992 (116) 197-202.
28. Mertz, GJ, "Epidemiology of Genital Herpes Infections," Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 1993 (7:4) 825-40.
29. Mertz GJ, et Collaborative Famciclovir Genital Herpes Research Group, "Oral Famciclovir for Suppression of Recurrent Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Women," Arch Int Med, 2/97 (157) 343-49.
30. Mertz GL, Schmidt O, Jourden JL, et al. Frequency of acquisition of first-episode genital infection with herpes simplex virus from symptomatic and asymptomatic source contacts. Sex. Trans. Dis. 1985;12:33-39
31. New York Times, "Study Indicates Why Herpes Is Factor in the Spread of AIDS," 1/24/97.
32. Prober CG, et al, "Low Risk of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Neonates Exposed to the Virus at the time of Vaginal Delivery to Mothers with Recurrent Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections," NEJM, 1/87 (316:5) 240-43.
33. Prober CG, et al "The Management of Pregnancies Complicated by Genital Infections with Herpes Simplex Virus,"  Clin Inf Dis, 7/92 (15) 1031-8.
34. Randolph AG, Washington E, Prober CG, "Cesarean Delivery for Women Presenting with Genital Herpes Lesions," JAMA, 7/93 (270:1) 77-82.
35. Randolph AG, Hartshorn RM, Washington AE, "Acyclovir Prohpylaxis in Late Pregnancy to Prevent Neonatal Herpes: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis," Obst & Gyn, 10/96 (88:4) 603-10.
36. Rapp F, "Herpes Simplex Viruses," Chapt. 42 in Mardh, P, Holmes, K.K., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, p. 438-48.
37. Roberts SW, et al, "Genital Herpes During Pregnancy: No Lesions, No Cesarean," Obst & Gyn, 2/95 (85:2) 261-64.
38. Sacks, SL et Canadian Famciclovir Study Group, "Patient-Initiated, Twice-Daily Oral Famciclovir for Early Recurrent Genital Herpes," JAMA, 7/96 (276:1) 44-49.
39. Safrin, S, et al, "Foscarnet-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Patients with AIDS, " J Inf Dis, 1994 (169) 193-6.
40. Scott LL, et al, "Acyclovir Suppression to Prevent Cesarean Delivery After First-Episode Genital Herpes,"  Obst & Gyn, 1/96 (87:1) 69-73.
41. Siegel D et al, "Prevalence and Correlates of Herpes Simplex Infections," JAMA, 1992 (268) 1702-08.
42. Spruance SL, et Valaciclovir HSV Study Group, "A Large-Scale, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Trial of Peroral Valaciclovir for Episodic Treatment of Recurrent Herpes Genitalis," Arch Int Med, 1996 (156) 1729-35.
43. Sullender WM, et al, "Type-Specific Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein G in Pregnant Women, Infants Exposed to Maternal HSV-2 Infection at Delivery, and Infants with Neonatal Herpes," J Inf Dis, 1/88 (157:1) 164-71.
44. Verano L, Michalski FJ, "Comparison of a Direct Antigen Enzyme Immunoassay, Herpchek, with Cell Culture for Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus from Clinical Specimens," J Clin Micro, 5/95 (33) 1378-79.
45. Wald, A, et al, "Virologic Characteristics of Subclinical and Symptomatic Genital Herpes Infections,"  NEJM, 9/95 (333:12) 770-75.
46. Wald, A, et al "Suppression of Subclinical Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 with Acyclovir,"  Ann Intern Med, 1996 (124) 8-15.
47. Wald A, et al "Frequent Genital Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Shedding in Immunocompetent Women: Effect of Acyclovir Treatment," J Clin Invest, 3/97 (99:5) 1092-97.
48. Benedetti JK, et al. Clinical Reactivation of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Decreases in Frequency Over Time. Ann Int Med 1999;131:14-20.
49. Langenberg AGM, et al. A Prospective Study of New Infections with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2. NEJM 1999;341:1432-1438.
50. Lafferty WE. et al. Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus by Direct Immunofluorescence and Viral Isolation from Samples of External Genital Lesions in a High Prevalence Population. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:323-6.
51. Kok T, et al. Rapid Detection, Culture-amplification and Typing of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Enzyme Immunoassay in Clinical Samples. Clin Diagn Virol 1998;10:67-74
52. Schacker t, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, et al . Frequent recover of HIV-1 from genital herpes simple virus lesions in HIV-1 infected men. JAMA 1998; 280:61-66
53. Spruance SL, Tyring SK, Smith MH, Meng TC. Application of a topical immune response modifier, resiquimod gel, to modify the recurrence rate of recurrent genital herpes: a pilot study. J. of Infect Dis. 184(2): 196-200. 2001 July.
54. Wald A, et al. Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of gerpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA. 285(24):3100-6, 2001 June 27.
55. Scott LL, et al. Acyclovir suppression to prevent clinical recurrences at deliver after first episode genital herpes in pregnancy: an open-label trial. Infect Dis in Ob Gyn. 9(2): 75-80, 2001
56. Chen CY, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Genital Ulcer Disease in South Africa: The Herpetic Connection. Sex Trans Dis 27: 21-29, January 2000
57. Mihret W, et al. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seropositivity among urban adults in Africa: Results from two cross-sectional surveys in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sex Transm Dis. 29:175-181, March 2002.
58. Wald A, Link, K. Risk of Human Immunodeficiency virus infection in Herpes Simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: A meta-analysis. Journal Infect Dis, 2002;185:45-52.
59. Brown ZA, et al. Effect of Serologic Status and Cesearian Delivery and Transmission Rates of Herpes Simplex Virus from Mother to Infant. JAMA 2003; 289:203-209.
60. Stanberry LR et al. For the GlaxoSmithKline Herpes Vaccine Efficacy Study Group. Glygoprotein D adjuctive to Prevent Genital Herpes. NEJM 2002:347:652-661.        
61. Roberts CM et al. Is herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) now more common than HSV-2 in first episodes of genital herpes? Sex Trans Dis 2003;30:797-800.
62. Sheffield et al. Acyclovir prophylaxis to prevent herpes simplex virus recurrence at delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1396-403.
63. Corey et al. Once daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. NEJM 2003;350:11-20.           

Section 7. Syndromic Approach to the Management of STDs

	Cervicitis
	Urethritis
	Genital Ulcerative Disease
	Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
	Vaginitis

Cervicitis

1. Seattle STD/HIV PTC handout on MPC. Marrazzo J.
2. DHHS, PHS, CDC. 2002 STD Treatment Guidelines. MMWR 2002;51 (No. RR-6)
3. Holmes KK et al (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999. McGraw-Hill. pp 533-540.

Urethritis

1. DHHS, PHS, CDC. 2002 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. MMWR 2002;51 (NO. RR-6)
2. Holmes et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. McGraw-Hill. 1999
3. Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF et al. A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. N Engl J Med 1992;327:921-5.
4. Stamm WE, Hicks CB et al. Azithromycin for empiric treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men: a randomized double blind study. JAMA 1995;274:545-549
5. Ciemins EL et al. Reexamining the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gay men with urethritis: implications for STD policy and HIV prevention activities. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:249-51
6. Chernesky M et al. Impact of reference standard sensitivity on accuracy of rapid antigen detection assays and a leukocyte esterase dipstick for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in first void urine specimen from men. Sex Transm Dis 1999;37:2777-80
7. Bowden FJ. Reappraising the value of urine leukocyte esterase testing in the age of nucleic acid amplification. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:322-6
8. Bowie C et al. Bacteriology of the rethra in normal men and men with nogonococcal urethritis. J. Clin Microbiol 1997;6:182-8
9. Taylor-Robinson D. The male reservoir of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:S234-5
10. Bebear C et al Etude multicentrique de la sensibilite in vitro des mycoplasmes genitaux aux antibitiques. Pathol Biol 1993;41:289-93
11. Seingrimsson O et al. Single dose azithromycin treatment of gonorrhea and infections caused by C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum in men. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:43-6
12. National Network of STD/HIV Prevention Training Centers.  Core Curriculum Modules.  STDHIVpreventiontraining.org

Genital Ulcerative Disease

1. Ryan, CA, et al. Risk assessment, symptoms, and signs as predictors of vulvovaginal and cervical infections in urban US STD clinic: implications for use of STD algorithms. Sexually Transmitted Infections 74 (suppl 1):S59-76, 1998.
2. Ciemins EL et al. Reexamining the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among gay men with urethritis: implications for STD policy and HIV prevention activities. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:249-51
3. Chernesky M et al. Impact of reference standard sensitivity on accuracy of rapid antigen detection assays and a leukocyte esterase dipstick for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in first void urine specimen from men. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2777-80
4. Bowden FJ. Reappraising the value of urine leukocyte esterase testin in the age of nucleic acid amplification. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:322-6
5. DHHS, PHS, CDC. CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. MMWR 2002; 51 (No. RR6)
6. Bowie D et al. Bacteriology of the urethra in normal men and men with nogonococcal urethritis. J. Clin Microbiol 1997;6:482-8
7. Celum CL et al. The practitioner's handbook for the management of sexually transmitted diseases. 2003. 3rd ed. Health Sciences, Center for Educational Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
8. Bebear C et al. Etude multicentrique de la sensibilite in vitro des mycoplasmes genitaux aux antibiotiques. Pathol Biol 1993;41:289-93
9. Schmid GP. Approach to the patient with genital ulcer disease. Med Clin North Am 1990;74:1559-1572.
10. Flood J. Handout prepared for lecture on GUD. Advances in Sexually transmitted Diseases. San Francisco. April 18 and 19, 1996
11. Holmes KK et al (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1990. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill
12. Orle KA, Gates CA, Martin DH et al. Simultaneous PCR Detection of H. ducreyi, T. pallidum and HSV Types I and II from Genital Ulcers. J Clinic Microbiol. 1996; 34:4954
13. Jonnasson JA. Haemophilus ducreyi. Int J STD AIDS 1993; 4:317-321
14. Fleming DT and Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Inf 1999;75:3-17

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

1. NAIAD. Expert Committee on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Research Directions in the 1990s. Sex Trans Dis 1990;18(1):46-64
2. Paavonen J et al. Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gyncol 1985;152:280
3. Peterson HB, Walker CK, Kahn JG et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease: key treatment issues and options. JAMA 1991;266(18):2605-2611
4. Washington AE, Katz P. Cost of and payment source for pelvic inflammatory disease: trends and projections, 1983 through 2000. JAMA 1991;266(18):2465-2569
5. Westrom L et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Trans Dis 1992;19(4):185-192
6. Wolner-Hanssen PW, Kiviat NB, Holmes KK. Atypical pelvic inflammatory disease:subacute, chronic, or subclinical upper genital tract infection in women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1990. McGraw-Hill:615-20.
7. Landers DV, Sweet RL. Pelvic inflammatory disease. New York: Springer, 1997.
8. Scholes D, Stergachis A et al. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996:334;1362-1366.
9. Kahn et al. JAMA 1991;266:2594
10. Hoegsberg B et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol;163:1165
11. Korn AP et al. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:765
12. Gareen IF, Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory dises: meta-analysis of published studies, 1974-1990. Epidemiology. 2000 Sept,: 11:589-97
13. Ness RB et al. Douching and endometritis: results from the PID evaluation and clinical health (PEACH) study. Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Apr; 28:240-245
14. Ness RB et al. Hormonal and barrier contraception and risk of upper genital tract disease in the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 July; 185:121-7
15. Ness RB et al. Effectiveness of inpatint and outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease: Results form the PID Evaluation and CLinical Health (PEACH) Randomized Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186:929-937
16. Beerthuizen RJ. Pelvic inflammatory disease in intrauterine device users. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1996;1:237-43
17. Simonsen L et al. Trends in infectious disease hospitalizations in the United States. 1980-1994. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1923-8
18. Rein DB et al. Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory diseasse and its sequelae: decreasing but still substantial. Obstet Gynecol 2000:397-402

Vaginitis

1. Agnew KJ, Hillier SL. The effect of treatment regimens for vaginitis and cervitis on vaginal colonization by lactobacilli. Sex Transm Dis. 1995;22(5):269-73
2. Berger BJ et al. Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians: a sexually transmitted disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1402-5
3. Boeke AJ, Dekker JH, Van Eijk JT, et al. Effect of lactic suppositories compared with oral metronidazole and placebo in bacterial vaginosis: a randomized clinical trial. Genito Urin Med 1993;69:388-92
4. Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O et al. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:525-9
5. Celum CL, Wilch E, Fennell C, Stamm WE. The Practitioner's Handbook for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Second edition. Health Sciences for Educational Resources, University of Washington, Seatttle, Washington, USA
6. CDC 1998 STD Treatment Guidelines
7. Cibley LJ, Cibley LJ. Cytolytic vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1245-9
8. Denver STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. Reference material for the course on laboratory methods for the diagnosis of STDs.
9. Eltabbakh GH, Eltabbakh GD, Broekhuizen FF, et al. Value of wet mount and cervical cultures at time of cervical cytology in asymptomatic women. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:499-503
10. Ernest JM. Topical antifungal agents. Obstet Gynecol Clinics of North Amer. 1992;19(3):587-607
11. Ferris DG, Litaker MS, Woodward L. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream. J of Fam Pract 1995;41:443-9
12. Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, et al. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. NEJM 1995;333:1732-6
13. Heine P, McGregor JA. Trichomonas vaginalis, a re-emerging pathogen. Clinical Obstet Gynecol 1993;36(1):137-43
14. Herra CM, Cafferkey MT, Keane CT. The in vitro susceptibilities of vaginal lactobacilli to four broad-spectrum antibiotics, as determined by the agar dilution and E test method. J Antimicrobiol Chemother 1995;35(6):775-83
15. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, et al. Associatioon between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low birth weight infant. NEJM 1995;333:1737-42
16. Hillier SL, Lipinski C, Briselden AM, et al. Efficacy of introvaginal for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:963-7
17. Holmes KK et al Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Second edition McGraw Hill 1999
18. Horowitz BJ, Mardh PE, Nagy E, et al. Vaginal lactobacillosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:857-61
19. Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Wiknjosastro G, et al. Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis: effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1527-31
20. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N, et al. Plasma cell endometritits in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:387-90
21. Larsen B. Vaginal flora in health and disease. Clinical Obstet Gynecol. 1993;36(1):107-121
22. Larsen PG et al. Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first trimester legal abortion with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:759-64
23. McGrory T, Meysick K, Lemchuk-Favel LT. The interaction of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. J of Parasitology. 1994;80(1):50-4
24. Meis PJ, Goldenberg RL, Mercer B, et al. The preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1231-5
25. Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placeb-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol1994;171:345-9
26. Nyirjesy P, Seeney SM, Terry MH, et al. Chronic fungal vaginitis: The values of cultures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:820-3.
27. Oates JK, Rowen D. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a review. Genitourin Med 1990;66:275-9
28. Paavonen J. Vulvodynia - a complex syndrome of vulvar pain. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995;74:243-7
29. Piper JM, Mitchell EF, Wayne AR. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348-52
30. Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. Reference material for the course on laboratory methods for the diagnosis of STDs.
31. San Francisco STD/HIV Prevention Training Center Reference material for the clinical intensive course.
32. Schwebke JR, Hillier SL, Sobel JD, et al. Validity of the vaginal gram stin for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:573-6
33. Sharp HC. Vulvovaginal conditions mimicking vaginitis. Clinicaal Obstet Gynecol 1993;36(1):129-135
34. Sobel JD. Pathogenesis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. CID 1992;14s:s148-53
35. Sobel JD. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1215-20
36. Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE, et al. Single dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1263-8
37. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:18896-1903
38. Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:203-11
39. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Egbe TO, et al. Tourlepsis glabrata vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol 85:993-8
40. Sweet RL. New Approaches to treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:479-82
41. Thomason JL, Anderson RJ, Gelbart SM et al. Simplified gram stain interpretive method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:16-9
42. Zdolsek B, Hellberg D, Froman G, et al. Culture and wet smear in the diagnosis of low symptomatic vulvovaginal candidasis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Repro Bio 1995;58:47-51
43. Zdolesk B, Hellberg D, Froman G, et al. Vaginal microbiological flora and sexually transmitted disease in women with recurrent or current vulvovaginal candiasis. 1995;23(2):81-4 Mena. L. et al Micoplasma genitalium infection in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in New Orleans. Clin Inf Dis 2002;35:1167-73

Section 8. Viral Hepatitis

1. CDC. MMWR 1998/47(RR19);1-39.. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease.
2. New York City Department of Health. City Health Information. July 2000, vol 19, No. 2.
3. Holmes KK et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999. McGraw-Hill.
4. CDC. MMWR 1999;48(RR-2):1-37. Prevention of Hepatitis A through active and passive immunization: Recommendations of the ACIP.
5. Management of Household Contacts to a Person with Acute or Chronic Hepatitis B - Refer to Hepatitis Homepage (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/index.htm)
6. Management of Inadvertent percutaneous or Permucosal Occupational Exposure -Refer to Hepatitis Homepage (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/index.htm)
7. Chin, J Control of Communicable Disease Manual. 2000 American Public Association
8. Bower WA, Nainan OU, Han X, Margolis HS Duration of Viremia in Hepatitis A Infection GID 2000;182 12-9.

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