The ITM Regions...

• Are not isolated layers in the Earth’s environment.
• Are coupled to each other AND to regions above (Sun and Magnetosphere) and below (Troposphere/Stratosphere).
• Involve a richness of neutral and plasma species and processes unique among terrestrial planets.
• Require simulation methods ranging from neutral gas hydrodynamics, neutral and plasma chemistry, and MHD/electrodynamics to individual electron and ion particle effects.

Related Links:

• CISM at NCAR High Altitude Observatory
• Space Weather: A Research Perspective "The Elements of Near Earth Space" at NRC