Learning Conditions

DEFINITIONS FOR LEARNING CONDITIONS

Adoptees Learning a New Language	child L2 learner whose L1 exposure was abruptly stopped as a result of adoption to a different country
Attrition	(partial) loss of previously fluent language, effect of L2 on L1
Autism	autism spectrum disorders, Asperger’s syndrome
Brain Injury	focal brain injury, hemispherectomy
Cochlear Implant	individuals with a cochlear implant
Deaf / Hard of Hearing	individuals with a significant hearing loss
Down’s Syndrome	Down’s syndrome
Dyslexia	dyslexia
Fragile X	Fragile X
General Language Delay	general language delay (not included in other more specific categories)
Heritage Language Learner	L1 ability of native speaker of minority language who is learning a majority language at school (e.g. ability in Mexican Spanish of child living in the USA and learning English at school), effect of majority L2 on maintenance of minority L1
Majority Language Learner	L2 learning of majority language, primarily through school exposure, by native speaker of minority L1 (e.g. English language learner in USA whose home language is Mexican Spanish, Dutch learner in Netherlands whose home language is Turkish)
No Human Subjects	no human subjects – theoretical model
Preterm Children	children born significantly preterm
Simultaneous Bilingualism / Trilingualism	simultaneous bilingualism or trilingualism (learning two or three languages from before age 3)
Specific Language Impairment	specific language impairment
Typical First Language Development	first language development in a typical manner
Typical Adult Second Language Development	adult second language acquisition (learning one language after another is established, whatever the endstate proficiency)
Typical Child Second Language Development	child second language acquisition (learning one language after another is established, whatever the endstate proficiency)
Visual Impairment	visual impairment
Williams Syndrome	Williams syndrome