Doug Herman (CAS '08) is an Ancient Greek
and Latin major and a Linguistics minor. His interests include
sociolinguistics and language pedagogy. This paper grew out
of coursework for CL351: Latin Seminar with Professor Varhelyi.
50. Iam Tiberium corpus, iam vires, nondum dissimulatio deserebat:
idem animi rigor; sermone ac vultu intentus quaesita interdum
comitate quamvis manifestum defectionem tegebat. Mutatisque
saepius locis tandem apud promunturium Miseni consedit in villa
cui L. Lucullus quondam dominus. Illic eum adpropinquare supremis
tali modo compertum. Erat medicus arte insignis, nomine Charicles,
non quidem regere valitudines principis solitus, consilii tamen
copiam praebere. Is velut propria ad negotia digrediens et per
speciem officii manum complexus pulsum venarum attigit. Neque
fefellit: nam Tiberius, incertum an offensus tantoque magis
iram premens, instaurari epulas iubet discumbitque ultra solitum,
quasi honori abeuntis amici tribueret. Charicles tamen labi
spiritum nec ultra biduum duraturum Macroni firmavit. Inde cuncta
conloquiis inter praesentis, nuntiis apud legatos et exercitus
festinabantur. Septimum decimum kal. Aprilis interclusa anima
creditus est mortalitatem explevisse; et multo gratantum concursu
ad capienda imperii primordia G. Caesar egrediebatur, cum repente
adfertur redire Tiberio vocem ac visus vocarique qui recreandae
defectioni cibum adferrent. Pavor hinc in omnis, et ceteri passim
dispergi, se quisque maestum aut nescium fingere; Caesar in
silentium fixus a summa spe novissima expectabat. Macro intrepidus
opprimi senem iniectu multae vestis iubet discedique ab limine.
Sic Tiberius finivit octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno.
51. Pater ei Nero et utrimque origo gentis Claudiae, quamquam
mater in Liviam et mox Iuliam familiam adoptionibus transierit.
Casus prima ab infantia ancipites; nam proscriptum patrem exul
secutus, ubi domum Augusti privignus introiit, multis aemulis
conflictatus est, dum Marcellus et Agrippa, mox Gaius Luciusque
Caesares viguere; etiam frater eius Drusus prosperiore civium
amore erat. Sed maxime in lubrico egit accepta in matrimonium
Iulia, impudicitiam uxoris tolerans aut declinans. Dein Rhodo
regressus vacuos principis penatis duodecim annis, mox rei Romanae
arbitrium tribus ferme et viginti obtinuit. Morum quoque tempora
illi diversa: egregium vita famaque quoad privatus vel in imperiis
sub Augusto fuit; occultum ac subdolum fingendis virtutibus
donec Germanicus ac Drusus superfuere; idem inter bona malaque
mixtus incolumi matre; intestabilis saevitia sed obtectis libidinibus
dum Seianum dilexit timuitve: postremo in scelera simul ac dedecora
prorupit postquam remoto pudore et metu suo tantum ingenio utebatur.
Translation
Now Tiberius’ health and strength began to desert him, but not
yet his powers of dissimulation. There was that same stiffness
of spirit. Focused in his speech and facial expression, and
sometimes displaying contrived affability, he covered up his
deterioration, however obvious it was. After some rather frequent
changes of location, he finally settled at the cape of Misenum
in a villa once owned by Lucius Lucullus. It was there that
the increasing nearness to the end of his life was discovered
in the following manner. There was a doctor named Charicles
who was noted for his skill, and was not quite accustomed, to
directing matters of the emperor’s health, but rather to providing
a great deal of advice. This man, under the pretense of departing
on his own private affairs, grasped the emperor’s hand (in customary
valediction) and checked the pulse of his veins. But he did
not fool him, for Tiberius, perhaps offended and suppressing
his anger all the more, ordered that the feast recommence, and
remained at the table longer than usual, as if to honor his
departing friend. Charicles, nevertheless, assured Macro that
the emperor’s life was slipping away and would not last beyond
two days. Thenceforth all arrangements were hastened, in conference
among those present, and by communiqué with the legates
and armies. On March 16th, his breathing stopped abruptly, and
he was thought to have passed away. Among a great congratulatory
crowd, Gaius Caesar emerged to mark the beginning of his reign,
when suddenly it was reported that Tiberius’ voice and vision
were returning and that he was calling for someone to bring
food to restore his failing health. At this, fear took hold
of all, and everyone else scattered in random directions, each
one feigning sadness or ignorance, while Caesar, fallen from
the height of hope and transfixed in silence, awaited the worst.
Macro, unfazed, ordered that the old man be smothered in a huge
heap of clothing and that everyone leave the room. Tiberius
came to this end in the seventy-eighth year of his lifetime.
His father was Nero, and on both sides his descent was from
the Claudian clan, although his mother had crossed into the
Livian and then the Julian families by way of adoptions. His
fortunes were uncertain ever since his early childhood: he followed
his proscribed father into exile; when he entered the house
of Augustus as a stepson, he was tormented by many rivals (as
long as Marcellus and Agrippa, then Gaius and Lucius Caesar
flourished); even his brother Drusus had a greater share of
the citizens’ love. But his situation was most slippery after
he accepted Julia in marriage, during which time he alternately
tolerated or avoided his wife’s shameless behavior. Then, having
returned from Rhodes, he dominated the emperor’s empty household
for twelve years, and soon held sway over the Roman world for
nearly twenty-three. There were also different stages of his
character: outstanding in conduct and reputation as long as
he was a private citizen or holding commands under Augustus;
secretive and deceitful with feigned virtues while Germanicus
and Drusus survived; he was also a mixture of good and bad during
his mother’s life; ineffable cruelty but with concealed desires
while he adored, then feared Sejanus. Finally, he burst forth
simultaneously into crimes and disgraces now that, with shame
and fear removed, he was consulting only his own nature. (Fisher,
C D., ed. Cornelii Taciti Annalium ab Excessu Divi Augusti Libri.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.)
Translator’s Comments
dissimulatio – often a rhetorical term, apparently used (though
not here) as a calque of Greek erwueiva. Cf. Quint., Inst. Orat.
IX.44: Eijrwueivau inveni qui dissimulationem vocaret. Its basic
meaning, namely “concealment of one’s real purpose, feelings,
knowledge etc., i.e. dissimulation” (OLD), can easily be deduced
from dis + simulare. Cf. Cic., de Orat.2.269 urbana…dissimulatio
est, cum alia dicuntur ac sentias, “sophisticated dissimulation
is when you say something other than what you feel.” A common
but somewhat confusing translation is “hypocrisy.” The sense
here is straightforward: Tiberius pretends that he is not infirm.
The implication is more striking: dissimulatio is as much a
fundamental aspect of Tiberius’ personality as corpus and vires
are of his physical composition. This analogy is strengthened
by idem animi rigor, which Fisher interprets as an elaboration
on dissimulatio, as we see from his placement of a colon after
deserebat. The rigor of Tiberius’ animus is thus not only confirmed
by, but also identified with, his continued dissimulatio. Brotier
also compares Ann. IV.71: nullam aeque Tiberius, ut rebatur,
ex virtutibus suis quam dissimulationem diligebat. Such
statements by Tacitus portray Tiberius’ character in no positive
light.
deserebat – agrees strictly in number with dissimulatio, in
sense with corpus and vires as well. A Latin predicate (nominal
or verbal) may often agree with the nearest in a series of subjects.
Cf., e.g., Livy XXXI.18.3 aetas et forma et super omnia
Romanum nomen te ferociorem facit.
intentus – “intent, earnest, focused” conveys the great effort
that Tiberius put into feigning good health; commonly used,
as here, to describe someone’s facial expression. Unlike in
this case, it often agrees not with the person referred to,
but rather with a noun such as os or vultus. Cf. Tac. Dial.
II.I quae cum dixisset Aper acrius, ut solebat, et intento
ore. The fact that an adjective normally used to modify
only the face is here applied to the whole person perhaps emphasizes
the superficiality of Tiberius’ conduct. quaesita – “affected,
contrived” the derivation of this sense from the literal meaning
is clear. Cf. Ann. V.3 verba inerant quaesita asperitate.
interdum – the placement of this adverb between the noun and
its modifier makes clear that it modifies specifically the phrase
quaesita…comitate (ablative of manner), rather than
the main verb tegebat. Tiberius’ dissimulatio was constant,
his comitas intermittent. See my translation above.
quamvis – rather than performing its acquired role of concessive
conjunction, this word is here merely an adverb of degree, literally
“to any degree you like,” i.e. “however.” The meaning “although”
is an extension of this. It governs manifestam alone, tegebat
being the main verb of the sentence. Cf. Plin. Epist. 9.17.1
quereris taedio tibi fuisse quamvis lautissimam cenam.
saepius – “quite often,” “rather often.”
promunturium – also spelled promontorium; perhaps derived from
promineo and/or mons (OLD).
Miseni – The Bay of Naples was a popular spot for wealthy Romans
to build their notoriously luxurious villas. The location has
strong connotations of decadence and dissoluteness, especially
since Misenum itself was not far from the famous resort town
of Baiae.
villa – This villa in particular had an interesting history
behind it, having passed through the hands of numerous noteworthy
Romans at impressive sums of money. See D’Arms 1970: 185 and
Keaveney 1981: 148. According to Brotier, its remains were still
visible in the early 19th century: “extant adhuc ejus rudera
prope Miseni promontorium.”
L. Lucullus – Lucius Licinius Lucullus (ca. 116–57 b.c.) distinguished
himself fighting for Sulla in the civil wars and in the First
Mithridatic War. He was closely connected to the most elite
of Sulla’s political heirs, who had control over the Senate.
Following his consulship in 74 b.c. he became governor of Bithynia
(this location he obtained through various political machinations),
and proceeded to win a number of decisive victories against
Mithridates in the Third Mithridatic War. After this military
success, he returned to the province of Asia, whose cities he
deftly rescued from economic disaster brought on by previous
Roman extortion. This angered his rivals in Rome, who soon thereafter
engineered his political downfall. He was the first to bring
the cherry from Asia to Europe, hence its botanical name prunus
lucullus. (Ward et al. 2003: 186–187). Lucullus was known
as a connosseur not only of exotic species but of art as well.
Mention of his name reinforces the connotation of (excessive)
wealth and luxury already introduced by Misenum.
cui…dominus – sc. fuerat.
tali modo – “in the following manner;” introduces erat …
attigit.
compertum – sc. est; the subject is the clause illic … supremis.
Charicles – mentioned only here in the Annals. Due in part to
traditional associations with foreign cults and “magic,” the
medical profession itself was generally of low repute in ancient
Rome. Most medici were Greek freedmen, and, with a few exceptions,
they generally failed to achieve anything even approaching respectable
social status. See Dill 1956: 92.
praebere – sc. Solitus.
velut…officii – continuing the theme of dissimulatio. speciem:
a key term in the vocabulary of deceit; literally “appearance,”
more idiomatically “pretense.” Tiberius is not the only person
guilty of “hypocrisy” or dissimulation in this passage, for
the crowd of onlookers perpetrates it as well, as we gather
from gratantum and fingere below. Tacitus makes no effort to
conceal the rampant corruption of the Roman state.
neque fefellit – sc. Tiberium.
cuncta…festinabantur – Fletcher compares Sall. Jug. 73.1:
igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto
ex perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta
parat festinatque. This transitive use of festinare is
not uncommon.
incertum an – adverbial, meaning “perhaps,” this is a sort of
abbreviated, phrasal version of an indirect question, out of
which this construction probably evolved. Cf. XI.18 quae
nimia et incertum an falso iacta (Miller 114). Miller adds
that this usage began in Classical prose but became more common
in Livy and Tacitus. He compares two instances from Cicero:
De Sen. 74 and Off. III.105.
tantoque magis – “all the more” – the correlative quanto is
not needed.
ultra solitum – literally “beyond the customary,” i.e. “until
a later hour than he was accustomed.”
tribueret – According to the OLD, this verb can mean “give credit,
pay respect (to)” when it takes an indirect object but no direct
object. Cf. Cic. Fam.13.9.2 cum … ordini publicanorum semper
libentissime tribuerim. However, the abstract noun honori
does not seem to fit this sense well. Perhaps a second epulas
(nearby enough in the previous clause to justify ellipsis) is
to be understood as the object of tribueret, yielding the literal
meaning “as though he were ascribing the (extra long) feast
to the honor of his friend.” This is the general sense in any
case.
Macroni firmavit – “assured Macro that…” followed by the indirect
statement labi…duraturum (esse). On Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius
Macro, prefect of the praetorian guard under Tiberius and Caligula,
cf. VI.48,1-3, in which he is said to be more evil than Sejanus.
It was he who delivered in 31 A.D. the letter from Tiberius
that condemned Sejanus to death, and it was he who nominated
Caligula as the new princeps immediately after Tiberius’ death
(Ward et al. 2003: 305-309).
septimum decimum kal. Aprilis – March 16th.
interclusa anima – Jackson translates “owing to a stoppage in
his breathing;” Grant prefers transforming the ablative absolute
into a main clause: “the emperor ceased to breathe.” Furneaux
claims that this expression is derived from Livy, but Fletcher
cites two earlier instances: Lucr. 6.1266 multa siti prostrata
viam per proque voluta / corpora Silanos ad aquarum strata iacebant
/ interclusa anima nimia ab dulcedine aquarum, where Leonard
translates anima as “life-breath” and interclusa as “choked;”
Varro, R.R. 1.63 sub terra qui habent frumentum in iis quos
vocant sirus, quod cum periculo introitur recenti apertione,
ita ut quibusdam sit interclusa anima, aliquanto post promere,
quam aperueris, oportet. The phrase animam intercludere
seems at least somewhat equivalent in sense to suffocare. It
has perhaps a more vivid descriptive flavor. Fletcher also compares
a similar usage, spiritum intercludere, occuring in Curt. 3.6.14
and 7.5.15.
creditus est – perfect tense with punctual aspect. He was believed
(for a moment) to have died.
mortalitatem explevisse – euphemisms for death abound in Tacitus.
Cf. finivit below; I.3 ut Agrippa vita concessit;
I.5 simul excessisse Augustum; I.9 vitam finivisset.
He seems to use them indiscriminately and in close proximity
with just as many more literal terms: I.5 extincto Maximo;
I.2 Bruto et Cassio caesis; ibid. interfecto Antonio.
gratantum = gratantium. The crowd’s congratulation of Gaius
is insincere; cf. note on fingere below.
G. Caesar – Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, best known as Caligula,
emperor A.D. 37- 41. During his brief time as emperor, cut short
by his assassination, he went from being generally well-liked
to having a very tense and hostile relationship with the senate,
whose authority he made every effort to diminish in relation
to his own. In this way he differed significantly from Tiberius,
who at least tried to allow the senate some influence in government
(Ward et al. 2003: 309-312).
cum…adfertur – an example of the so-called cum inversum, introducing
the main idea of the sentence. The subject of adfertur is the
indirect statement redire … adferrent.
qui…adferrent – relative clause of purpose.
recreandae defectioni – dative of purpose; not uncommon in Tacitus.
Cf. I.62 primum exstruendo tumulo caespitem Caesar posuit.
For a brief summary of this construction’s history, see Miller
1992: 25.
vocem ac visus vocarique – As Walker points out (1952: 56n.),
an example of alliteration, which Tacitus employs rarely and
therefore all the more effectively for heightening the dramatic
tension at this climactic point in the narrative. He maintains
the sense of excitement and rapidity of action in the next sentence
by his omission of the verb in the phrase pavor … omnis
and by his use of the two historical infinitives dispergi and
fingere.
hinc – This adverb can have connotations both temporal and causal;
here it seems to carry both.
fingere – “feign.” The theme of dissimulatio continues to pervade
the narrative. This and dispergi are both historical infinitives.
Caesar … a summa spe novissima expectabat – What seems to English
speakers like an ellipsis in a summa spe is acceptable in Latin,
the verbal idea being sufficiently expressed by the preposition
a. Brotier’s explanation of the whole sentence, “Caius,
in silentium fixus, a summa spe, qua imperii primordia praeceperat,
novissima, id est, mortem citissimam, expectabat” helps
elucidate novissima, which here means “most extreme (punishment,
fate, etc.).” For this sense cf. XV.44 unde quamquam adversus
sontis et novissima exempla meritos miseratio oriebatur …
opprimi … iubet – Dio (LVIII.28.3) implicates Gaius as the primary
instigator of the smothering, with Macro assisting him: Imavtia
polla; kai; paceva wJvß kai; qepmasiva tino;ß deomevnw
prosepevbale (oJ Gaio;ß), kai; ou^twß ajpevpnixeu
aujtovu, sunaramevuou ph aujtw/ kai; tou Makrwnoß. Dio’s
version certainly reflects more negatively on Gaius, although
both his and Tacitus’ narratives make evident the corruption
and immorality involved in transitioning between emperors.
octavo … anno – Suetonius concurs: obiit in villa Lucullana
octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno, tertio et vicesimo imperii,
XVII. Kal. Ap. Cn. Acerronio Proculo C. Pontio Nigrino conss.
For the month and day cf. septimum decimum kal. Aprilis
above. Dio (LVIII.28.5) adds a year and ten days: ejbivw de;
ejpta; kai; ejbdomhvkonta e[th kai; mhuaJvß te;ssaraß
kai; hjmevraß e[uuea. The discrepancy is probably due
to a difference in sources.
Nero – Tiberius Claudius Nero, of the gens Claudia from which
the Julio-Claudian dynasty takes half its name (the other half
being the gens Iulia of Octavian), had fought against Octavian
in the Perusine War. Later, after Tiberius was born, Nero and
Livia had made a mutual decision to divorce so that she could
marry Octavian and ensure the future success of their family
(Ward et al. 2003: 224).
gentis Claudiae – see previous note. There were two branches
of the Claudian family, that of Tiberius Claudius Nero and that
of Livia’s father, Livius Drusus Claudianus (Ward et al. 2003:
224).
quamquam…transierit – Tacitus uses quamquam with the subjunctive
regularly, as it became the linguistic trend from the first
century A.D. on (G&L 605RN). It is much less common in Cicero,
for example (ibid.). Cf. I.3 quamquam esset in domo Tiberii
filius iuvenis.
mater – Tacitus gives a predominantly negative impression of
her. Cf. Ann. 1.3, where it is suggested that she may have engineered
the deaths of Augustus’ natural heirs in order to increase Tiberius’
chances of becoming princeps.
casus – the events of his life.
ancipites – “perilous, uncertain, etc.”
exul – When he was about two years old he and his family fled
to Sicily, ironically under the onslaught of the army of Augustus,
his future stepfather, during the Perusine War. Cf. Vell. Pat.,
II.75. Chapter 51 is one of few places in which Tacitus describes
events that occurred before his declared starting-point of A.D.
14 (Benario 1975: 112).
secutus ubi – asyndeton. The clause introduced by ubi is subordinate
to that of which the main verb is conflictatus est.
Marcellus…Luciusque – These four men are the aemulis of the
previous clause. Cf. note on mater above.
Drusus – Tiberius Claudius Nero’s other son by Livia. Augustus
had been cultivating him too as a possible successor, but he
died young (see n. on mater).
in lubrico egit – Cf. Ann. I.72 quantoque plus adeptus foret,
tanto se magis in lubrico (esse) dictitans. lubricum as
a substantive can mean something like “a dangerous/insecure
(literally “slippery”) place.” egit has no object; it is close
in sense to versatus est.
accepta…Iulia – ablative absolute.
declinans – for Tiberius’ avoidance of Julia cf. Ann. I.53 fuerat
[Iulia] in matrimonio Tiberii florentibus Gaio et Lucio Caesaribus
spreveratque ut inparem; nec alia tam intima Tiberio causa cur
Rhodum abscederet. Her immorality was legendary, and for
it Augustus banished her in 2 AD (Miller 174).
Rhodo regressus – see previous note.
vacuos principis penatis…obtinuit – i.e. he was the lone heir.
As Brotier points out, this is because Gaius and Lucius are
dead, and Agrippa Postumus is in exile. See note on Marcellus…Luciusque
above.
penatis – accusative plural.
tempora – “stages.” This introduces the key idea of chapter
51, namely that Tiberius’ true character was eventually revealed
late in his life by a gradual stripping away of social restrictions.
This pattern can be observed with each of the emperors in the
Annals.
egregium – sc. tempus; cf. note on tempora above.
vita famaque – ablatives of respect with egregium.
occultum ac subdolum – again, sc. tempus.
fingendis virtutibus – a subtle case of variatio with vita famaque
above. Although both phrases are ablative, the fact that the
second is also gerundive gives the phrase a slight twist that
grabs the reader’s attention. By definition, variatio is the
consecutive use of two different syntactic constructions to
express a similar or identical semantic relationship. Tacitus
uses this device to maintain his audience’s attention by deviating
from the hackneyed parallelism of classical prose. “quoad …
donec;” “vel … ac;” more variatio. Again, Tacitus employs these
subtle imbalances to capture the reader’s interest without disrupting
the flow of the passage.
idem – “he was also…”: a common use of this pronoun. Cf. Liv.
3.59.4 ea primum moderatio tribuni metum patribus dempsit,
eademque auxit consulum invidiam.
incolumi – i.e. viva.
intestabilis – Brotier explains this as equivalent to detestabilis,
but perhaps another possible connotation is something like “ineffable,”
taking testari in the sense of “attest.” This is another example
of variatio: intestabilis saevitia sed obtectis libidinibus.
See note on fingendis virtutibus above.
Seianum – Sejanus was a close confidant of Tiberius, and ran
the government at Rome inhis absence for a period of approximately
five years. Book V of the Annals, which would have described
Sejanus’ fall from power, is mostly missing. According to Juvenal,
a letter from Tiberius was read to the Senate, after which Sejanus
was executed. Book VI of the Annals narrates the ensuing bloodshed
as Tiberius, in his saevitia, has Sejanus’ supporters killed
as well (Benario 1975: 66).
dilexit timuitve – The verbal antithesis is as sudden as Sejanus’
reversal of fortune. See previous note.
scelera … dedecora – referring to the gruesome events following
Sejanus’s fall from Tiberius’ favor. See note on Seianum above.
postquam … metu – Martin (1981: 106) makes the subtle observation
here, by compring Sallust, Hist.1.12M postquam remoto metu
Punico, that Tacitus echoes his literary predecessor in
language and in thought, implying that just as the removal of
Carthage as a threat marked the onset of political corruption
at Rome, so the end of “external restraints” on Tiberius’ actions
allowed the true baseness of his character to show through.
suo tantum ingenio – Cf. Benario “in antiquity the general understanding
of an individual’s character, his ingenium, was that he was
born with it and that it never changed or developed. Therefore,
if there were different phases of a person’s character during
his life, there must be an explanation; dissimulation is the
easiest answer” (1975: 67). Thus, according to Tacitus, Tiberius’
true nature is finally revealed at the end of his life, when
he essentially degenerates into a ruthless mass murderer. Cf.
also Martin 1981:105–106.
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