VIDEO
TITLE
|
CALL
NUMBER
|
Elementary |
|
AFRICAN STORY MAGIC
w/ narrator Brock Peters. 27:00. 1992
Elementary and Up
A 7 year old steps from the streets of LA into
the Africa of his ancestors. Storytellers share
six stories of wisdom and courage.
|
IA
FS 121
|
ANANSI
Rabbit Ears Approx. 30 Min. Color
Ages: 5 & Up
Oscar-winner Denzel Washington narrates two
hilarious stories from Jamaica where Anasi outsmarts
the prideful snake. Reggae hit makers UB 40
provide the decidedly Jamaican score. An introductory
animated segment shows the link between this
Jamaican Anansi and his African origin.
|
IA
FS 132
|
GEORGINA WILLIAMS OF GHANA
United Learning, (Children of Other Lands Series),
1995. 15:22
Elementary
This video explores the life of children in
Ghana by following Georgina Williams, a nine-year
old Ghanaian girl, as she goes through her daily
activities. Viewers get to know Georgina as
she does her household chores, attends school,
hangs out with her friends and goes shopping
with her mother.
|
IA
FS 138
|
KONKOMBE: THE NIGERIAN POP MUSIC SCENE
Producer: Jerry Marre Harcart Films, 1988.
Grades 4 to Adult
Lively documentary of Nigerian popular music,
featuring artists such as Fela Kuti, King Sunny
Ade, and Sonny Okosun, in performance and in
their communities.
|
IA
FS 112
|
MA JOURN?E EN FRAN?AIS
PICS. French. 30:00
Elementary - HS
This video contains six 5-minute sections on
Benin, Senegal, and Reunion in Africa, as well
as Lebanon, Martinique, and Corsica. Each segment
is narrated by a child who describes a typical
day in his or her country. Narrated in simple
French with a written transcript and lesson
plan provided.
|
IA
FS 149
|
STORIES
FROM THE BLACK TRADITION
Children's Circle. 1992. 52:00 total, in short
segments.
Elementary
|
IA
FS 124
|
A
STORY-A STORY
Anansi the Spider Man climbs up to the sky to
buy stories from the Sky God.
| |
MUFARO'S
BEAUTIFUL DAUGHTERS
Mufaro's daughters are tested unknowingly to
reveal which one is worthy enough to marry the
King.
| |
WHY
MOSQUITOES BUZZ IN PEOPLE'S EARS
A tall tale sets off a chain of mishaps through
the jungle grapevine from Mosquito to Iguana
to Rabbit to Owl in this traditional story.
| |
THE
VILLAGE OF ROUND AND SQUARE HOUSES
A young girl from the Cameroonian village of
Tos movingly tells how the men came to live
in square houses and the women in round ones.
| |
GOGGLES!
Peter and his friend Archie call upon faithful
dog Willie to help outsmart a gang of tough
bullies who are after Peter's motorcycle goggles.
| |
A
TOY IS WHAT YOU MAKE IT
UNICEF: 25:00
Age 6 and up
This video was filmed primarily in Kenya. Lively
and engaging, it features vignettes of family
and school life in both urban and rural settings.
It focuses primarily on children at play and
making their own toys.
Narrated by Liv Ullmann.
* Only the first half on rural Kenyan children
is appropriate for elementary school children.
|
IA
FS 131
|
Middle
School |
AFRICA:
VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY
with Basil Davidson MBT/MR Arts, 1984. Each
segment is 56:00.
M, HS, Adult
The author of more than 30 books on Africa,
Basil Davidson guides viewers through a comprehensive
overview of African history, culture, and geography
from ancient Africa to the present.
The New York Times described this series as
"stunning."
| |
Cassette
1
Part One: Different But Equal
Examines the rise of ancient African kingdoms,
especially Egypt and Nubia, and the origins
of European racial prejudice towards Africa.
Part Two: Mastering a Continent
Examines how Africans in three societies have
made a living from diverse and often hostile
environments.
|
IA
FS 65
|
Cassette
2
Part Three: Caravans of Gold
Traces the roots of the medieval gold trade
from Africa to India, China, and Italy; focuses
on the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali.
Part Four: Kings and Cities
Explores the functioning of traditional African
kingdoms, with a focus on Kano in northern Nigeria.
|
IA
FS 66
|
Cassette
3
Part Five: The Bible & the Gun
Deals briefly with the slave trade itself; focuses
on explorers, missionaries, and colonizers.
Part Six: The Magnificent African Cake
Examines the European "Scramble for Africa."
Covers the conquest, the forms of colonial control,
and the colonial extraction of wealth.
|
IA
FS 67
|
Cassette
4
Part Seven: The Rise of Nationalism
Explores the struggle for independence in several
African colonies, including the Gold Coast (Ghana),
Kenya, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Belgian
Congo.
Part Eight: The Legacy
Discusses the aftermath of colonial rule, and
examines contemporary problems of independent
African nations.
|
IA
FS 68
|
AFRICA
CLOSE-UP
Maryknoll World Productions, 1997. 28:00
M
This video is divided into two 14 min. segments.
The first segmented is narrated by an Egyptian
teenager who introduces Egyptian culture by
describing her daily life in Cairo. The second
segment examines the problems of desertification,
unclean water and national unity in Tanzania
through the narration of a village teenager.
|
IA
FS 154
|
AFRICA ON THE MOVE
The Bullfrog Project, 1991. 55:00 (in three
parts).
M, HS, Adults. With study guide.
A remarkable new look at Africa which goes beyond
the stereotypical images and allows Africans
to speak for themselves. Through scenes of a
farming family in Uganda and through brief interviews
with Ugandan leaders, we come to see such families
as agents of change.
|
IA
FS 113
|
AFRICAN
JOURNEY
Wonderworks. 174:00. 1990.
M
Luke is a high school student from Canada and
Themba is an Zimbabwean youth. Separated by
vastly different cultures, these two young people
seem to have nothing in common, when a series
of adventures in Zimbabwe enables them to discover
how alike they really are. This video series
may be shown in parts without showing the whole.
Each part is 30 minutes. It is accompanied by
an excellent teaching guide.
| |
Vol.
I:
Part four: Chasing a Dream
Part five: A Deadly Business
Part six: One World to Share
|
IA
FS 81
|
Vol.
II:
Part one: Under the Sun
Part two: Brother
Part three: Price of a Bride
|
IA
FS 82
|
AFRICAN STORY MAGIC
w/ narrator Brock Peters. 27:00. 1992
Elementary and Up
A 7 year old steps from the streets of LA into
the Africa of his ancestors. Storytellers share
six stories of wisdom and courage.
|
IA
FS 121
|
THE
AMISTAD REVOLT
Producer: Andrea Haas Hubbell. 1995. 33:00.
M, HS, Adult
The true story of 53 Africans who, in the 1830s,
revolted and seized the slave ship La Amistad
. Thwarted in their plans to return home, they
were captured and charged with murder and piracy.
They won their freedom through the courts.
|
IA
FS 142
|
ANANSI
Rabbit Ears Approx. 30 Min. Color
Ages: 5 & Up
Oscar-winner Denzel Washington narrates two
hilarious stories from Jamaica where Anasi outsmarts
the prideful snake. Reggae hit makers UB 40
provide the decidedly Jamaican score. An introductory
animated segment shows the link between this
Jamaican Anansi and his African origin.
|
IA
FS 132
|
ASIMBONANGA
Producer: Imagery Films. 1989. 7:00
Song performed by Joan Baez.
M, HS, Adult
Combines still photos, cell animation, live
action, and optical effects, all choreographed
to the song Asimbonanga - to act as a reminder
of the daily oppression faced by black South
Africans.
|
IA
FS 83
|
CHANTAL'S CHOICE
Producers: C. Saltman & P. Hinkley, 1990. 29:00
M, HS, Adult
The story of an African girl grappling with
traditional marriage expectations within a modern
and changing environment. Written and presented
by secondary school students in Burkina Faso.
|
IA
FS 110
|
THE
EARTH THAT FEEDS US
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS
A compelling look at environmental problems
experienced by African farmers in recent years.
Explores how Africans might strike a balance
between ecological conservation and economic
development. Draws comparisons with environmental
problems facing the U.S. Includes brief lesson
plan.
|
IA
FS 91
|
FACING
THE FUTURE
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00
M, HS
Asks the question what does it mean to be modern?
Examines the influence of western values and
technology on Africans, and how Africans are
creating a balance between traditional and modern
ways.
|
IA
FS 94
|
FAMINE AND CHRONIC PERSISTENT HUNGER:
A LIFE AND
DEATH DISTINCTION
Also shown as "End the Hunger." Producer: The
Hunger Project. 1989, 11:00.M,
HS, Adult
This video makes graphically clear, by focusing
on different case studies of Third World nations,
the critical distinction between famine and
chronic hunger-and what needs to be done to
end each.
|
IA
FS 114
|
FOOD
FOR THOUGHT
Beacon Films From the "Many Voices" series 1992,
15:00.
M
Isa, a young girl from Senegal, finds it frustrating
to be different from other kids in her Canadian
school. When she fasts for the Muslim month
of Ramadan, her friend Ashley makes light of
it, causing a distance the two girls try to
bridge.
|
IA
FS 120
|
GIRLS
APART
Producers: C. Sheppard & C. Savageot, 1987.
38:00
M, HS, Adult
A powerful documentary of two South African
school girls, one white and one black, who the
viewer into their lives and homes.
|
IA
FS 43
|
GOOD
HEALTH STARTS AT HOME
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS.
Examines how Africa is working to improve its
health care systems both through health care
workshops and through certified traditional
healers. Emphasizes preventive medicine.
|
IA
FS 92
|
KONKOMBE: THE NIGERIAN POP MUSIC SCENE
Producer: Jerry Marre Harcart Films, 1988.
Grades 4 to Adult
Lively documentary of Nigerian popular music,
featuring artists such as Fela Kuti, King Sunny
Ade, and Sonny Okosun, in performance and in
their communities.
|
IA
FS 112
|
LAGOS:
RICH MAN, POOR MAN
Geographical Eye Over Africa. 1994. 20:00.
M, HS, Adult
This program shows the enourmous contrast between
the lives of two children in Nigeria's bustling
metropolis, thereby illustrating how the city
works and its people survive.
|
IA
FS 151
|
MA JOURN?E EN FRAN?AIS
PICS. French. 30:00
Elementary - HS
This video contains six 5-minute sections on
Benin, Senegal, and Reunion in Africa, as well
as Lebanon, Martinique, and Corsica. Each segment
is narrated by a child who describes a typical
day in his or her country. Narrated in simple
French with a written transcript and lesson
plan provided.
|
IA
FS 149
|
MANDELA
Producer: Home Box Office Inc. 1987. 2:15
M, HS, Adult
Documentary/ drama featuring Danny Glover in
the role of Nelson Mandela; part biography and
part history of the ANC.
|
IA
FS 38
|
NIGERIA
1984. 15:00 (transferred from filmstrip)
M, HS
Provides an introductory overview of the history,
geography, and politics of Nigeria.
|
IA
FS 36
|
A
SON OF AFRICA: THE SLAVE NARRATIVE OF OLAUDAH
EQUIANO
Producer: Aimimage/BBC. 1996. 28:00.
M, HS (brief scene of bare breasts), Adult
Based on the first widely read slave autobiography
from 1789, this video dramatically portrays
Equiano's life. Additional archival material
and brief interviews with scholars such as Stuart
Hall and Ian Duffield reveal the social and
economic context of the 18th century slave trade.
|
IA
FS 144
|
TEXTBOOKS
AND DREAMS
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS.
Describes Africans' pride in education and explores
different forms of education in Africa.
|
IA
FS 93
|
A
TOY IS WHAT YOU MAKE IT
UNICEF: 25:00
Age 6 and up
This video was filmed primarily in Kenya. Lively
and engaging, it features vignettes of family
and school life in both urban and rural settings.
It focuses primarily on children at play and
making their own toys.
Narrated by Liv Ullmann.
* Only the first half on rural Kenyan children
is appropriate for elementary school children.
|
IA
FS 131
|
UNDERSTANDING
EACH OTHER
Beacon Films. Time: 15:00. 1990.
M, HS
With wonderful spirit, a Zimbabwean teenage
actress introduces Africa's diverse geography
and cultures and dispels many misconceptions
along the way. An outstanding video.
|
IA
FS 90
|
WOMEN:
CHANGING OUR ROLES
Beacon Films. 15:00. 1990
M, HS
Explores the traditional expectations of women
and their evolving opportunities in marriage,
education, and work.
|
IA
FS 95
|
ZAJOTA
AND THE BOOGIE SPIRIT
1990, 20:00 Producer: Ayoka Chenzira
M, HS, Adult
This vibrant film, produced in colorful animation,
recapitulates in folktale form the saga of black
people. The story takes the audience on a journey
from Africa and traditional way of life , through
the disruption of slavery to the pursuit for
equality in the Civil Rights Movement.
|
IA
FS 136
|
High
School |
|
AFRICA:
VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY
with Basil Davidson MBT/MR Arts, 1984. Each
segment is 56:00.
M, HS, Adult
The author of more than 30 books on Africa,
Basil Davidson guides viewers through a comprehensive
overview of African history, culture, and geography
from ancient Africa to the present.
The New York Times described this series as
"stunning."
| |
Cassette
1
Part One: Different But Equal
Examines the rise of ancient African kingdoms,
especially Egypt and Nubia, and the origins
of European racial prejudice towards Africa.
Part Two: Mastering a Continent
Examines how Africans in three societies have
made a living from diverse and often hostile
environments.
|
IA
FS 65
|
Cassette
2
Part Three: Caravans of Gold
Traces the roots of the medieval gold trade
from Africa to India, China, and Italy; focuses
on the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali.
Part Four: Kings and Cities
Explores the functioning of traditional African
kingdoms, with a focus on Kano in northern Nigeria.
|
IA
FS 66
|
Cassette
3
Part Five: The Bible & the Gun
Deals briefly with the slave trade itself; focuses
on explorers, missionaries, and colonizers.
Part Six: The Magnificent African Cake
Examines the European "Scramble for Africa."
Covers the conquest, the forms of colonial control,
and the colonial extraction of wealth.
|
IA
FS 67
|
Cassette
4
Part Seven: The Rise of Nationalism
Explores the struggle for independence in several
African colonies, including the Gold Coast (Ghana),
Kenya, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Belgian
Congo.
Part Eight: The Legacy
Discusses the aftermath of colonial rule, and
examines contemporary problems of independent
African nations.
|
IA
FS 68
|
AFRICA ON THE MOVE
The Bullfrog Project, 1991. 55:00 (in three
parts).
M, HS, Adults. With study guide.
A remarkable new look at Africa which goes beyond
the stereotypical images and allows Africans
to speak for themselves. Through scenes of a
farming family in Uganda and through brief interviews
with Ugandan leaders, we come to see such families
as agents of change.
|
IA
FS 113
|
THE
AFRICANS
producer: Ali Mazrui, The Annenberg/CPB Collection.
1986. Each program is 60:00
HS., Adult
From the history of Egyptian pharaohs, matriarchal
social systems and the slave trade to contemporary
political crises, Dr. Mazrui discusses African
developments from the perspective of its triple
heritage: its indigenous culture, Islam and
the impact of the West. Note: We own three of
the nine videos in the series
| |
Program
4: Tools of Exploitation
This video traces the colonial economic legacy,
the development of slavery and European control
of Africa's natural resources.
|
IA
FS 139
|
Program
5: New Conflicts
This video examines urbanization, warrior tradition,
European-created national boundaries, the Islamic
jihad tradition and nationalist movements in
Africa.
|
IA
FS 140
|
Program
6: In Search of Stability
This video compares African military regimes,
one-party states, Marxism in Mozambique and
the different policies of the presidents of
Tanzania and former Zaire.
|
IA
FS 141
|
THE AMERICAN CONNECTION
The American Labor Education Center. 27:00.
1980s.
HS, Adult
Addresses the role of the U.S. in South Africa,
especially issues of corporate investment and
labor conditions.
|
IA
FS 51
|
THE
AMISTAD REVOLT
Producer: Andrea Haas Hubbell. 1995. 33:00.
M, HS, Adult
The true story of 53 Africans who, in the 1830s,
revolted and seized the slave ship La Amistad
. Thwarted in their plans to return home, they
were captured and charged with murder and piracy.
They won their freedom through the courts.
|
IA
FS 142
|
ASIMBONANGA
Producer: Imagery Films. 1989. 7:00
Song performed by Joan Baez.
M, HS, Adult
Combines still photos, cell animation, live
action, and optical effects, all choreographed
to the song Asimbonanga - to act as a reminder
of the daily oppression faced by black South
Africans.
|
IA
FS 83
|
THE
AVOIDABLE FAMINE
Producer: Yorkshire Television. 1988. 20:00.
HS, Adult. Study guide.
Sudan, the largest nation in Africa, has produced
enough food for its own needs plus export. Changing
crops and farming technique produced famine
and stripping of the land. This film examines
the reasons behind these changes and looks at
how the Sudanese economy has responded to the
destruction of the traditional way of life.
Accompanied by study materials.
|
IA
FS 119
|
BANKING
ON LIFE AND DEBT
Maryknoll World Production. 1995. 30:00.
HS, Adult
This documentary traces the post-World War II
changes which led to the current world economic
order. It focuses on the policies of the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
in Ghana, Brazil and the Philippines.
|
IA
FS 143
|
BIKO:
BREAKING THE SILENCE
Producers: O. Maruma, E. Spicer, R. Wickstead
and M. Kaplan, 1988 52:00.
HS, Adult
Shows how student leader Steve Biko fostered
the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa,
and encouraged black South Africans to think
of themselves as a people with a distinct identity
and destiny.
|
IA
FS 57
|
CHANTAL'S CHOICE
Producers: C. Saltman & P. Hinkley, 1990. 29:00
M, HS, Adult
The story of an African girl grappling with
traditional marriage expectations within a modern
and changing environment. Written and presented
by secondary school students in Burkina Faso.
|
IA
FS 110
|
COLD WATER
Producer: Noriko Ogami, Boston University. 1987.
48:00
HS, Adult
International students (including one from Zaire)
and experts describe their experiences here,
commenting on the nature of U.S. culture and
the process of adjustment to a new culture.
|
IA
FS 49
|
CONSUMING HUNGER
Maryknoll World Video Library. 1988. Three 29:00
segments.
HS, Adult
| |
PART
ONE: GETTING THE STORY
Explores the question: why does it take the
American media so long to cover African famines?
|
IA
FS 69
|
PART
TWO: SHAPING THE IMAGE
Explores the question: what happened to our
images of Africa once starving Africans dominated
television's portrayal of the continent?
|
IA
FS 70
|
PART
THREE: SELLING THE FEELING
Explores the question: what did the "Hands Across
America" mega-event tell us about hunger in
America and the images that we have created
of our own hungry and homeless?
|
IA
FS 71
|
CORRIDORS
OF FREEDOM
Producer: Ingrid Sinclair (UK), 1987. 52:00
HS, Adult
Examines how South Africa has tried to control
the economies of its neighboring countries and
how these countries have responded with their
own efforts to develop independently.
|
IA
FS 58
|
DELTA
FORCE
Director: Glenn Ellis. 1994. 54:00.
HS, Adult
This powerful documentary discusses the ecological,
economic and social turmoil caused by Shell
Oil and the Nigerian government in Ogoniland.
Graphic footage and powerful interviews (including
murdered poet Ken- Saro Wiwa) makes this film
highly provocative and informative.
|
IA
FS 148
|
THE
EARTH THAT FEEDS US
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS
A compelling look at environmental problems
experienced by African farmers in recent years.
Explores how Africans might strike a balance
between ecological conservation and economic
development. Draws comparisons with environmental
problems facing the U.S. Includes brief lesson
plan.
|
IA
FS 91
|
FACING
THE FUTURE
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00
M, HS
Asks the question what does it mean to be modern?
Examines the influence of western values and
technology on Africans, and how Africans are
creating a balance between traditional and modern
ways.
|
IA
FS 94
|
FAMILY
ACROSS THE SEA
1991 56:00 Producer: Tim Carrier. South Carolina
Educational TV.
HS, Adult
Told as a historical and linguistic detective
story. Traces the connections between the Gullah
people, brought to South Carolina as slaves,
and Sierra Leone. Powerfully shows the continuation
of cultural ties through speech, songs and culture.
|
IA
FS 105
|
FAMINE AND CHRONIC PERSISTENT HUNGER:
A LIFE AND
DEATH DISTINCTION
Also shown as "End the Hunger." Producer: The
Hunger Project. 1989, 11:00.M,
HS, Adult
This video makes graphically clear, by focusing
on different case studies of Third World nations,
the critical distinction between famine and
chronic hunger-and what needs to be done to
end each.
|
IA
FS 114
|
FROM SUN UP
Maryknoll World Video Library. 28:00
HS, Adult
Produced by a Tanzanian woman, Flora M'mbugu,
and shot in Tanzania by an all-African crew.
This beautifully photographed work portrays
women's multiple roles as provider, mother,
water-carrier, wood-gatherer, cook and entrepreneur.
It dramatically illustrates that the source
of women's hope and sense of the future lies
in their support for each other.
|
IA
FS 50
|
u
GELEDE: A YORUBA MASQUERADE
1969. 23:00.
HS, Adult. Special rate: see last page
Documentary of a Yoruba communal festival. Emphasizes
the importance of this festival in providing
coherence to the community and its culture.
|
IA
FS 86
|
GENERATIONS
OF RESISTANCE
Producer: The UN, 1980. 52:00
HS, Adult
A definitive history of South African resistance
to white rule from Bambata's Rebellion of 1906
to the uprisings of 1976.
|
IA
FS 55
|
GIRLS
APART
Producers: C. Sheppard & C. Savageot, 1987.
38:00
M, HS, Adult
A powerful documentary of two South African
school girls, one white and one black, who the
viewer into their lives and homes.
|
IA
FS 43
|
GOOD
HEALTH STARTS AT HOME
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS.
Examines how Africa is working to improve its
health care systems both through health care
workshops and through certified traditional
healers. Emphasizes preventive medicine.
|
IA
FS 92
|
HARVEST OF HUNGER
OXFAM, 1987. 20:00.
HS, Adult
Creative graphics to Jackson Browne music combine
with stunning photos of overseas projects in
this exploration of the underlying causes of
world hunger. Excellent for high school, college,
and community groups; includes teacher's guide
with quizzes, exercises, and maps.
|
IA
FS 53
|
HYENAS
Director: Djibril Diop Mambety. 1992. Wolof
with subtitles. 113:00.
HS, Adult
A scorned lover returns to her village as the
richest woman in the world and offers the villagers
a trillion dollars to execute the man who betrayed
her. An adaptation of the Swiss parable, "The
Visit of the Old Woman," this drama is a biting
satire of today's Africa --betraying the hopes
of independence for the false promises of Western
materialism.
|
IA
FS 147
|
KEITA
Director: Dani Kouyate. Burkina Faso. 1994.
In Jula and French with subtitles. (94:00).
HS, Adult
This film introduces the viewer to one of the
most important works of African oral literature,
The Sundjata Epic. The film frames its dramatization
of this legend within the story of a contemporary
young African's initiation into the history
of his family. When a djeliba, a master griot
or bard, arrives mysteriously at the home of
Mabo Keita to teach him "the meaning of his
name," boy and griot are inevitably brought
into conflict with his Westernized mother and
schoolteacher, who have rejected African tradition.
|
IA
FS 150
|
KONKOMBE: THE NIGERIAN POP MUSIC SCENE
Producer: Jerry Marre Harcart Films, 1988.
Grades 4 to Adult
Lively documentary of Nigerian popular music,
featuring artists such as Fela Kuti, King Sunny
Ade, and Sonny Okosun, in performance and in
their communities.
|
IA
FS 112
|
LAGOS:
RICH MAN, POOR MAN
Geographical Eye Over Africa. 1994. 20:00.
M, HS, Adult
This program shows the enourmous contrast between
the lives of two children in Nigeria's bustling
metropolis, thereby illustrating how the city
works and its people survive.
|
IA
FS 151
|
MA JOURN?E EN FRAN?AIS
PICS. French. 30:00
Elementary - HS
This video contains six 5-minute sections on
Benin, Senegal, and Reunion in Africa, as well
as Lebanon, Martinique, and Corsica. Each segment
is narrated by a child who describes a typical
day in his or her country. Narrated in simple
French with a written transcript and lesson
plan provided.
|
IA
FS 149
|
MANDELA
Producer: Home Box Office Inc. 1987. 2:15
M, HS, Adult
Documentary/ drama featuring Danny Glover in
the role of Nelson Mandela; part biography and
part history of the ANC.
|
IA
FS 38
|
MAPANTSULA
Producer: Max Motoechio. 1988. 90:00
In English, Zulu and Sotho w/subtitles.
HS, Adult
The first anti-apartheid feature film told from
the perspective of black South Africans. Banned
by the apartheid Government. The story of "Panic"
(a petty criminal), his life in a black township,
and his transformation into a man who takes
a stand against apartheid.
|
IA
FS 64
|
MOVING
ON: THE HUNGER FOR LAND
California Newsreel. 1982. 54:10.
HS, Adult
An examination of the colonial history of Zimbabwe
and the challenges facing newly independent
nations, especially the land question.
|
IA
FS 54
|
NIGERIA
1984. 15:00 (transferred from filmstrip)
M, HS
Provides an introductory overview of the history,
geography, and politics of Nigeria.
|
IA
FS 36
|
SECOND
NATURE
Cyprus Productions. 1997. 40:00.
HS, Adult
This video examines how the forest in West Africa
is actually on the increase, due to the farmers'
skill in transforming savanna into forest. It
shows how easily experts can reach incorrect
conclusions if local knowledge and history are
not taken into account.
|
IA
FS 153
|
A
SON OF AFRICA:
THE SLAVE NARRATIVE OF OLAUDAH
EQUIANO
Producer: Aimimage/BBC. 1996. 28:00.
M, HS (brief scene of bare breasts), Adult
Based on the first widely read slave autobiography
from 1789, this video dramatically portrays
Equiano's life. Additional archival material
and brief interviews with scholars such as Stuart
Hall and Ian Duffield reveal the social and
economic context of the 18th century slave trade.
|
IA
FS 144
|
SPEAR
OF THE NATION
Thames Television, BELBO, and NOVIB. 1986. 50:00
HS, Adult
History of resistance to apartheid by the African
National Congress.
|
IA
FS 59
|
STETSASONIC, A.F.R.I.C.A.
(Music Video) Warner Bros. Records, 1988. Time:
4:25:00
HS, Adult
Music video by popular hip hop band Stetsasonic,
with an educational focus. Primarily concerned
with South Africa's neighbors and their resistance
to apartheid. Accompanied by a study guide which
helps students to understand the politics, geography,
and history of southern Africa.
|
IA
FS 74
|
STOP THE VIOLENCE
Global Vision for the Africa Fund. 1992. 14:00
HS, Adult
Based on footage from "A Savage War of Peace"
by Video News Service in South Africa.
|
IA
FS 106
|
TEXTBOOKS
AND DREAMS
Beacon Films. 1990. 15:00.
M, HS.
Describes Africans' pride in education and explores
different forms of education in Africa.
|
IA
FS 93
|
THREE
TALES FROM SENEGAL
Directors: Djibril Diop Mambety and Mansour
Sora Wade. 1994. Wolof with subtitles. 82:00
(45:00; 20:00; 17:00)
HS, Adult
Le Fanc is the whimsical but sardonic parable
about the plight of everday Africans buffeted
by the changing winds of the international monetary
system. Picc Mi (Little Bird) is a touching
fable revealing the exploitation of children
in Africa's teeming cities. Fary l'Anesse (Fary,
the Donkey) is the tale of a man led into folly
by his pursuit of the "perfect" woman.
|
IA
FS 145
|
A
TOY IS WHAT YOU MAKE IT
UNICEF: 25:00
Age 6 and up
This video was filmed primarily in Kenya. Lively
and engaging, it features vignettes of family
and school life in both urban and rural settings.
It focuses primarily on children at play and
making their own toys.
Narrated by Liv Ullmann.
* Only the first half on rural Kenyan children
is appropriate for elementary school children.
|
IA
FS 131
|
TRAINING FOR TRAVEL TO AFRICA
Colorado State University TV. 29:30.
HS, Adult
Using a series of dramatized incidents, the
video explores different types of miscommunications
that can take place between Westerners and Africans,
because of different cultural assumptions that
these two groups have.
|
IA
FS 33
|
UNDERSTANDING
EACH OTHER
Beacon Films. Time: 15:00. 1990.
M, HS
With wonderful spirit, a Zimbabwean teenage
actress introduces Africa's diverse geography
and cultures and dispels many misconceptions
along the way. An outstanding video.
|
IA
FS 90
|
UNHEARD
VOICES: CELEBRATING CULTURES OF THE DEVELOPING
WORLD
Returned Peace Corps Volunteers of Madison,
Wisconsin. 1:42
HS, Adult
Interview with African citizens of Tunisia,
Kenya, Somalia and Liberia currently living
and working in the U. S. Recollections of selected
life experiences.
|
IA
FS 84
|
WEND
KUUNI (GOD'S GIFT)
Producer/Director: Gaston Kabore. Burkina Faso.
1982
More, subtitled, 70:00 HS, Adult
A feature film on a pastoral romance before
the coming of Islam and Christianity. A mute,
memoryless child is found under a tree and is
adopted by the village and named Wend Kuuni.
Through flashbacks, the audience learns about
compassion through the medium of hate. The boy
finds community and recovers his ability to
communicate. This fable demonstrates how traditional
Mossi values can heal and unify a modern African
state beset by dislocation, refugees, and social
conflict. Kabore adapted the measured rhythms
and formal compositions of oral story telling
to make this film accessible to people seeing
a movie for the first time.
|
IA
FS 130
|
WHAT
DO WE KNOW ABOUT AFRICA
Boston University African Outreach Center. 1995:
25:00
HS, Adult
Converted from the popular slide-tape show,
this video question our conscious and unconscious
stereotypes held about Africa. It stimulates
critical thinking and serves as an introduction
to units in social studies, geography, history
and anthropology.
Video also comes with an outstanding detailed
curriculum guide.
|
IA
FS 137
|
WITNESS
TO APARTHEID
California Newsreel. 1986. 56:00
HS, AdultV Tells the story of black children
under apartheid and their detention and torture
by South African Security forces.
|
IA
FS 31
|
WOMEN:
CHANGING OUR ROLES
Beacon Films. 15:00. 1990
M, HS
Explores the traditional expectations of women
and their evolving opportunities in marriage,
education, and work.
|
IA
FS 95
|
ZAJOTA
AND THE BOOGIE SPIRIT
1990, 20:00 Producer: Ayoka Chenzira
M, HS, Adult
This vibrant film, produced in colorful animation,
recapitulates in folktale form the saga of black
people. The story takes the audience on a journey
from Africa and traditional way of life , through
the disruption of slavery to the pursuit for
equality in the Civil Rights Movement.
|
IA
FS 136
|
| Adult |
| AFRICA:
VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY
with Basil Davidson MBT/MR Arts, 1984. Each
segment is 56:00.
M, HS, Adult
The author of more than 30 books on Africa,
Basil Davidson guides viewers through a comprehensive
overview of African history, culture, and geography
from ancient Africa to the present.
The New York Times described this series as
"stunning."
|
| Cassette
1
Part One: Different But Equal
Examines the rise of ancient African kingdoms,
especially Egypt and Nubia, and the origins
of European racial prejudice towards Africa.
Part Two: Mastering a Continent
Examines how Africans in three societies have
made a living from diverse and often hostile
environments.
|
IA
FS 65
|
| Cassette
2
Part Three: Caravans of Gold
Traces the roots of the medieval gold trade
from Africa to India, China, and Italy; focuses
on the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali.
Part Four: Kings and Cities
Explores the functioning of traditional African
kingdoms, with a focus on Kano in northern Nigeria.
|
IA
FS 66
|
| Cassette
3
Part Five: The Bible & the Gun
Deals briefly with the slave trade itself; focuses
on explorers, missionaries, and colonizers.
Part Six: The Magnificent African Cake
Examines the European "Scramble for Africa."
Covers the conquest, the forms of colonial control,
and the colonial extraction of wealth.
|
IA
FS 67
|
| Cassette
4
Part Seven: The Rise of Nationalism
Explores the struggle for independence in several
African colonies, including the Gold Coast (Ghana),
Kenya, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Belgian
Congo.
Part Eight: The Legacy
Discusses the aftermath of colonial rule, and
examines contemporary problems of independent
African nations.
|
IA
FS 68
|
|
AFRICA ON THE MOVE
The Bullfrog Project, 1991. 55:00 (in three
parts).
M, HS, Adults. With study guide.
A remarkable new look at Africa which goes beyond
the stereotypical images and allows Africans
to speak for themselves. Through scenes of a
farming family in Uganda and through brief interviews
with Ugandan leaders, we come to see such families
as agents of change.
|
IA
FS 113
|
|
AFRICAN MUSIC PROGRAM
An Epic of Old Mali. 1978. 1:58:00
Adult
Excerpts from the amateur black and white filming
of the performance of 3 griots at Williams College
provide us with insight into this epic tale:
part history, part legend. Retold by generations
of griots, this epic is from the 13th century
and captures all the mystery and majesty of
medieval African kingship.
|
IA
FS 88
|
| THE
AFRICANS
producer: Ali Mazrui, The Annenberg/CPB Collection.
1986. Each program is 60:00
HS., Adult
From the history of Egyptian pharaohs, matriarchal
social systems and the slave trade to contemporary
political crises, Dr. Mazrui discusses African
developments from the perspective of its triple
heritage: its indigenous culture, Islam and
the impact of the West. Note: We own three of
the nine videos in the series
|
| Program
4: Tools of Exploitation
This video traces the colonial economic legacy,
the development of slavery and European control
of Africa's natural resources.
|
IA
FS 139
|
| Program
5: New Conflicts
This video examines urbanization, warrior tradition,
European-created national boundaries, the Islamic
jihad tradition and nationalist movements in
Africa.
|
IA
FS 140
|
| Program
6: In Search of Stability
This video compares African military regimes,
one-party states, Marxism in Mozambique and
the different policies of the presidents of
Tanzania and former Zaire.
|
IA
FS 141
|
|
THE AMERICAN CONNECTION
The American Labor Education Center. 27:00.
1980s.
HS, Adult
Addresses the role of the U.S. in South Africa,
especially issues of corporate investment and
labor conditions.
|
IA
FS 51
|
| THE
AMISTAD REVOLT
Producer: Andrea Haas Hubbell. 1995. 33:00.
M, HS, Adult
The true story of 53 Africans who, in the 1830s,
revolted and seized the slave ship La Amistad
. Thwarted in their plans to return home, they
were captured and charged with murder and piracy.
They won their freedom through the courts.
|
IA
FS 142
|
| ASIMBONANGA
Producer: Imagery Films. 1989. 7:00
Song performed by Joan Baez.
M, HS, Adult
Combines still photos, cell animation, live
action, and optical effects, all choreographed
to the song Asimbonanga - to act as a reminder
of the daily oppression faced by black South
Africans.
|
IA
FS 83
|
| THE
AVOIDABLE FAMINE
Producer: Yorkshire Television. 1988. 20:00.
HS, Adult. Study guide.
Sudan, the largest nation in Africa, has produced
enough food for its own needs plus export. Changing
crops and farming technique produced famine
and stripping of the land. This film examines
the reasons behind these changes and looks at
how the Sudanese economy has responded to the
destruction of the traditional way of life.
Accompanied by study materials.
|
IA
FS 119
|
| BANKING
ON LIFE AND DEBT
Maryknoll World Production. 1995. 30:00.
HS, Adult
This documentary traces the post-World War II
changes which led to the current world economic
order. It focuses on the policies of the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
in Ghana, Brazil and the Philippines.
|
IA
FS 143
|
| BIKO:
BREAKING THE SILENCE
Producers: O. Maruma, E. Spicer, R. Wickstead
and M. Kaplan, 1988 52:00.
HS, Adult
Shows how student leader Steve Biko fostered
the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa,
and encouraged black South Africans to think
of themselves as a people with a distinct identity
and destiny.
|
IA
FS 57
|
|
CHANTAL'S CHOICE
Producers: C. Saltman & P. Hinkley, 1990. 29:00
M, HS, Adult
The story of an African girl grappling with
traditional marriage expectations within a modern
and changing environment. Written and presented
by secondary school students in Burkina Faso.
|
IA
FS 110
|
|
COLD WATER
Producer: Noriko Ogami, Boston University. 1987.
48:00
HS, Adult
International students (including one from Zaire)
and experts describe their experiences here,
commenting on the nature of U.S. culture and
the process of adjustment to a new culture.
|
IA
FS 49
|
|
CONSUMING HUNGER
Maryknoll World Video Library. 1988. Three 29:00
segments.
HS, Adult
|
| PART
ONE: GETTING THE STORY
Explores the question: why does it take the
American media so long to cover African famines?
|
IA
FS 69
|
| PART
TWO: SHAPING THE IMAGE
Explores the question: what happened to our
images of Africa once starving Africans dominated
television's portrayal of the continent?
|
IA
FS 70
|
| PART
THREE: SELLING THE FEELING
Explores the question: what did the "Hands Across
America" mega-event tell us about hunger in
America and the images that we have created
of our own hungry and homeless?
|
IA
FS 71
|
| CORRIDORS
OF FREEDOM
Producer: Ingrid Sinclair (UK), 1987. 52:00
HS, Adult
Examines how South Africa has tried to control
the economies of its neighboring countries and
how these countries have responded with their
own efforts to develop independently.
|
IA
FS 58
|
| DELTA
FORCE
Director: Glenn Ellis. 1994. 54:00.
HS, Adult
This powerful documentary discusses the ecological,
economic and social turmoil caused by Shell
Oil and the Nigerian government in Ogoniland.
Graphic footage and powerful interviews (including
murdered poet Ken- Saro Wiwa) makes this film
highly provocative and informative.
|
IA
FS 148
|
| FAMILY
ACROSS THE SEA
1991 56:00 Producer: Tim Carrier. South Carolina
Educational TV.
HS, Adult
Told as a historical and linguistic detective
story. Traces the connections between the Gullah
people, brought to South Carolina as slaves,
and Sierra Leone. Powerfully shows the continuation
of cultural ties through speech, songs and culture.
|
IA
FS 105
|
|
FAMINE AND CHRONIC PERSISTENT HUNGER: A LIFE AND
DEATH DISTINCTION
Also shown as "End the Hunger." Producer: The
Hunger Project. 1989, 11:00.M,
HS, Adult
This video makes graphically clear, by focusing
on different case studies of Third World nations,
the critical distinction between famine and
chronic hunger-and what needs to be done to
end each.
|
IA
FS 114
|
|
FROM SUN UP
Maryknoll World Video Library. 28:00
HS, Adult
Produced by a Tanzanian woman, Flora M'mbugu,
and shot in Tanzania by an all-African crew.
This beautifully photographed work portrays
women's multiple roles as provider, mother,
water-carrier, wood-gatherer, cook and entrepreneur.
It dramatically illustrates that the source
of women's hope and sense of the future lies
in their support for each other.
|
IA
FS 50
|
| u
GELEDE: A YORUBA MASQUERADE
1969. 23:00.
HS, Adult. Special rate: see last page
Documentary of a Yoruba communal festival. Emphasizes
the importance of this festival in providing
coherence to the community and its culture.
|
IA
FS 86
|
| GENERATIONS
OF RESISTANCE
Producer: The UN, 1980. 52:00
HS, Adult
A definitive history of South African resistance
to white rule from Bambata's Rebellion of 1906
to the uprisings of 1976.
|
IA
FS 55
|
| GIRLS
APART
Producers: C. Sheppard & C. Savageot, 1987.
38:00
M, HS, Adult
A powerful documentary of two South African
school girls, one white and one black, who the
viewer into their lives and homes.
|
IA
FS 43
|
|
HARVEST OF HUNGER
OXFAM, 1987. 20:00.
HS, Adult
Creative graphics to Jackson Browne music combine
with stunning photos of overseas projects in
this exploration of the underlying causes of
world hunger. Excellent for high school, college,
and community groups; includes teacher's guide
with quizzes, exercises, and maps.
|
IA
FS 53
|
| HYENAS
Director: Djibril Diop Mambety. 1992. Wolof
with subtitles. 113:00.
HS, Adult
A scorned lover returns to her village as the
richest woman in the world and offers the villagers
a trillion dollars to execute the man who betrayed
her. An adaptation of the Swiss parable, "The
Visit of the Old Woman," this drama is a biting
satire of today's Africa --betraying the hopes
of independence for the false promises of Western
materialism.
|
IA
FS 147
|
| KEITA
Director: Dani Kouyate. Burkina Faso. 1994.
In Jula and French with subtitles. (94:00).
HS, Adult
This film introduces the viewer to one of the
most important works of African oral literature,
The Sundjata Epic. The film frames its dramatization
of this legend within the story of a contemporary
young African's initiation into the history
of his family. When a djeliba, a master griot
or bard, arrives mysteriously at the home of
Mabo Keita to teach him "the meaning of his
name," boy and griot are inevitably brought
into conflict with his Westernized mother and
schoolteacher, who have rejected African tradition.
|
IA
FS 150
|
|
KONKOMBE: THE NIGERIAN POP MUSIC SCENE
Producer: Jerry Marre Harcart Films, 1988.
Grades 4 to Adult
Lively documentary of Nigerian popular music,
featuring artists such as Fela Kuti, King Sunny
Ade, and Sonny Okosun, in performance and in
their communities.
|
IA
FS 112
|
| LAGOS:
RICH MAN, POOR MAN
Geographical Eye Over Africa. 1994. 20:00.
M, HS, Adult
This program shows the enourmous contrast between
the lives of two children in Nigeria's bustling
metropolis, thereby illustrating how the city
works and its people survive.
|
IA
FS 151
|
| LUMUMBA:
LA MORT DU PROPHET (DEATH OF A PROPHET)
French w/subtitles. 69:00. Producer/Director
Raoul Peck. France/Switzerland/Germany 1992
Adult
Patrice Lumumba, founder of the Congolese National
Movement, is remembered in this film documenting
the year 1960: from the Belgians' promise to
hold democratic elections to the murder of Prime
Minister Lumumba. Through interviews with European
journalists who covered 1960 and portrayed events
from a European perspective, this powerful film
juxtaposes photographs and newsreels from 1960
with contemporary footage.
|
IA
FS 128
|
|
MANDELA
Producer: Home Box Office Inc. 1987. 2:15
M, HS, Adult
Documentary/ drama featuring Danny Glover in
the role of Nelson Mandela; part biography and
part history of the ANC.
|
IA
FS 38
|
| MAPANTSULA
Producer: Max Motoechio. 1988. 90:00
In English, Zulu and Sotho w/subtitles.
HS, Adult
The first anti-apartheid feature film told from
the perspective of black South Africans. Banned
by the apartheid Government. The story of "Panic"
(a petty criminal), his life in a black township,
and his transformation into a man who takes
a stand against apartheid.
|
IA
FS 64
|
| MOVING
ON: THE HUNGER FOR LAND
California Newsreel. 1982. 54:10.
HS, Adult
An examination of the colonial history of Zimbabwe
and the challenges facing newly independent
nations, especially the land question.
|
IA
FS 54
|
| QUARTIER
MOZART
Producer/Director: Jean-Pierre Bekolo. Cameroon
1992 in French, subtitles. 80:00
Adult
A new sex farce, where women's wisdom and 'witchcraft'
help them regain the balance of power in a sexist
world. The star of the film is a young schoolgirl
named Queen of the 'Hood. The local 'witch',
Maman Thekla, helps her take over the body of
a young boy named My Guy so she can discover
the sexual politics of her neighborhood. A completely
different kind of African film, the sensibility
crosses MTV and Hollywood with African folklore.
|
IA
FS 127
|
| SECOND
NATURE
Cyprus Productions. 1997. 40:00.
HS, Adult
This video examines how the forest in West Africa
is actually on the increase, due to the farmers'
skill in transforming savanna into forest. It
shows how easily experts can reach incorrect
conclusions if local knowledge and history are
not taken into account.
|
IA
FS 153
|
| A
SON OF AFRICA: THE SLAVE NARRATIVE OF OLAUDAH
EQUIANO
Producer: Aimimage/BBC. 1996. 28:00.
M, HS (brief scene of bare breasts), Adult
Based on the first widely read slave autobiography
from 1789, this video dramatically portrays
Equiano's life. Additional archival material
and brief interviews with scholars such as Stuart
Hall and Ian Duffield reveal the social and
economic context of the 18th century slave trade.
|
IA
FS 144
|
| SPEAR
OF THE NATION
Thames Television, BELBO, and NOVIB. 1986. 50:00
HS, Adult
History of resistance to apartheid by the African
National Congress.
|
IA
FS 59
|
|
STETSASONIC, A.F.R.I.C.A.
(Music Video) Warner Bros. Records, 1988. Time:
4:25:00
HS, Adult
Music video by popular hip hop band Stetsasonic,
with an educational focus. Primarily concerned
with South Africa's neighbors and their resistance
to apartheid. Accompanied by a study guide which
helps students to understand the politics, geography,
and history of southern Africa.
|
IA
FS 74
|
|
STOP THE VIOLENCE
Global Vision for the Africa Fund. 1992. 14:00
HS, Adult
Based on footage from "A Savage War of Peace"
by Video News Service in South Africa.
|
IA
FS 106
|
| THREE
TALES FROM SENEGAL
Directors: Djibril Diop Mambety and Mansour
Sora Wade. 1994. Wolof with subtitles. 82:00
(45:00; 20:00; 17:00)
HS, Adult
Le Fanc is the whimsical but sardonic parable
about the plight of everday Africans buffeted
by the changing winds of the international monetary
system. Picc Mi (Little Bird) is a touching
fable revealing the exploitation of children
in Africa's teeming cities. Fary l'Anesse (Fary,
the Donkey) is the tale of a man led into folly
by his pursuit of the "perfect" woman.
|
IA
FS 145
|
|
TRAINING FOR TRAVEL TO AFRICA
Colorado State University TV. 29:30.
HS, Adult
Using a series of dramatized incidents, the
video explores different types of miscommunications
that can take place between Westerners and Africans,
because of different cultural assumptions that
these two groups have.
|
IA
FS 33
|
| UNHEARD
VOICES: CELEBRATING CULTURES OF THE DEVELOPING
WORLD
Returned Peace Corps Volunteers of Madison,
Wisconsin. 1:42
HS, Adult
Interview with African citizens of Tunisia,
Kenya, Somalia and Liberia currently living
and working in the U. S. Recollections of selected
life experiences.
|
IA
FS 84
|
| WEND
KUUNI (GOD'S GIFT)
Producer/Director: Gaston Kabore. Burkina Faso.
1982
More, subtitled, 70:00 HS, Adult
A feature film on a pastoral romance before
the coming of Islam and Christianity. A mute,
memoryless child is found under a tree and is
adopted by the village and named Wend Kuuni.
Through flashbacks, the audience learns about
compassion through the medium of hate. The boy
finds community and recovers his ability to
communicate. This fable demonstrates how traditional
Mossi values can heal and unify a modern African
state beset by dislocation, refugees, and social
conflict. Kabore adapted the measured rhythms
and formal compositions of oral story telling
to make this film accessible to people seeing
a movie for the first time.
|
IA
FS 130
|
| WHAT
DO WE KNOW ABOUT AFRICA
Boston University African Outreach Center. 1995:
25:00
HS, Adult
Converted from the popular slide-tape show,
this video question our conscious and unconscious
stereotypes held about Africa. It stimulates
critical thinking and serves as an introduction
to units in social studies, geography, history
and anthropology.
Video also comes with an outstanding detailed
curriculum guide.
|
IA
FS 137
|
| WITNESS
TO APARTHEID
California Newsreel. 1986. 56:00
HS, AdultV Tells the story of black children
under apartheid and their detention and torture
by South African Security forces.
|
IA
FS 31
|
| YEELEN
(BRIGHTNESS)
Producer/Director Souleymane Ciss?. Mali, 1987.
in Bambara, subtitles. 105:00
Adult
An adaptation of one of the great oral epics
of the Bambara people. Set in the Mali Empire
of the 13th century, this is the story of Nianankoro:
a young warrior destined to destroy a corrupt
older elite, and with it his father and ultimately
himself. The film follows his initiation quest
across Bambara, Fulani and Dogon lands - a cross
section of West African cultures and folklore.
|
IA
FS 129
|
| ZAJOTA
AND THE BOOGIE SPIRIT
1990, 20:00 Producer: Ayoka Chenzira
M, HS, Adult
This vibrant film, produced in colorful animation,
recapitulates in folktale form the saga of black
people. The story takes the audience on a journey
from Africa and traditional way of life , through
the disruption of slavery to the pursuit for
equality in the Civil Rights Movement.
|
IA
FS 136
|